Alle artikelen en behandelingsprotocollen zijn volgens het zelfzorg principe geschreven. Bij zelfzorg is niet de arts of specialist maar de patiënt verantwoordelijk voor het correct uitvoeren van de behandeling. Toch adviseer ik patiënten om bij gezondheidsklachten eerst een arts te raadplegen. Een juiste diagnose is ook bij een zelfzorgtraject van onschatbare waarde. Als u reeds onder behandeling bent van een arts overleg dan met uw arts voordat u voedingssupplementen gaat gebruiken.

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Nederlandse Obesitas Vereniging - Infobesitas

De Obesitas vereniging is enthousiast over het boek SLIM op uw juiste gewicht. Zij schrijven: "Dit boek zou wel eens de aftrap kunnen zijn voor een andere benadering van mensen met overgewicht, zodat we eindelijk eens afkomen van de volkswijsheid dat ieder pondje door het mondje gaat". Het blad Infobesitas besteedt daarom gedurende een gehele jaargang aandacht aan dit boek. Via deze pagina kunt u de artikelen die reeds zijn gepubliceerd downloaden. Bovendien kunt u de wetenschappelijke studies die gebruikt zijn voor deze artikelenserie opvragen.

Infobesitas - 22ste jaargang nummer 2, zomer 2009

Download Deel I: Een goede behandeling begint bij de juiste diagnose
  1. Gastrointestinal hormones and regulation of food intake
    Several peptides synthesised in the gastrointestinal tract which affect food intake have been identified including ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP).
  2. Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus: emphasis on energy homeostasis and leptin resistance
    Leptin, the long-sought factor of adipocytes origin, has emerged as one of the major signals that relay the status of fat stores to the hypothalamus and plays a significant role in energy homeostasis. It is now established that central leptin resistance contributes to the development of diet-induced obesity and ageing associated obesity
  3. Appetite regulation and energy balance
    Thirty minutes after the start of eating, satiety signals arise from the intestinal tract and, in between meals, from the adipose tissue and liver. Satiety signals are sedative and arrest the processing of food in the intestine, hence leading to termination of eating
  4. Elevated leptin: consequence or cause of obesity?
    Once leptin resistance takes hold, each subsequent exposure to high-density food faces diminished counter-regulatory responses, leading to exacerbated weight gain
  5. The hypothalamus, hormones, and hunger: alterations in human obesity and illness
    While obese subjects have appropriate reductions in orexigenic ghrelin, other gut-hormone disturbances may contribute to obesity such as reduced anorexigenic PYY and PP
  6. Gut hormones as peripheral anti obesity targets
    Obese subjects have lower basal fasting PYY levels and have a smaller post prandial rise.
  7. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic synd
    In MOB-MS women the fasting PYY(3-36) levels were lower compared to lean controls and OB-MS, whilst postprandially in both OB-MS and MOB-MS, it was much lower than in lean women
  8. Impaired cholecystokinin secretion and disturbed appetite regulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
    We conclude that women with PCOS have reduced postprandial CCK secretion and deranged appetite regulation associated with increased levels of testosterone. Impaired CCK secretion may play a role in the greater frequency of binge eating and overweight in women with PCOS.
  9. Carbohydrate cravings: a disorder of food intake and mood
    Current findings on the relationship between excessive appetite for carbohydrate-rich foods and mood disorders may explain repetitive weight gain or the inability to lose weight among some obese individuals. Obese individuals who crave carbohydrates, exhibit positive changes in mood after carbohydrate intake Brain serotonin may be involved in these disorders of affect and appetite; thus therapies that mimic the effect of carbohydrate intake on the synthesis and release of this neurotransmitter may be useful in treating obesity arising from these causes
  10. Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood
    The brain neurotransmitter, serotonin, seems to be involved in the abnormal regulation of mood and food intake that underlies diet failures or weight gain in individuals who suffer from carbohydrate craving obesity (CCO), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
  11. The involvement of brain serotonin in excessive carbohydrate snacking by obese carbohydrate cravers
    The subgroup of obese individuals who consume carbohydrate-rich snack foods at specific times of day or evening has been identified. Such individuals do not routinely snack on protein-rich foods, and their consumption of calories and nutrients at meals is not excessive. Evidence is presented that carbohydrate snacking seems to be related to a "need" to increase the level of brain serotonin
  12. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression
    Carbohydrate consumption--acting via insulin secretion and the "plasma tryptophan ratio"--increases serotonin release; protein intake lacks this effect. Hence many patients learn to overeat carbohydrates (particularly snack foods, like potato chips or pastries, which are rich in carbohydrates and fats) to make themselves feel better. This tendency to use certain foods as though they were drugs is a frequent cause of weight gain, and can also be seen in patients who become fat when exposed to stress, or in women with premenstrual syndrome, or in patients with "winter depression," or in people who are attempting to give up smoking. Nicotine, like dietary carbohydrates, increases brain serotonin secretion; nicotine withdrawal has the opposite effect
  13. Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals
    Moreover, noncarbohydrate cravers experienced an increase in depression, while carbohydrate cravers reported feeling less depressed. Findings suggest that snacking habits of obese individuals may be related to subsequent mood states
  14. Low resting metabolic rate as a risk factor for weight gain: role of the sympathetic nervous system
    RMR is believed to be genetically determined. Individuals with a low RMR for a given body size are at higher risk of significant weight gain, relative to those with a high RMR
  15. Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults
    Reduction in energy intake below the acceptable level of requirement for an individual results in a series of physiological and behavioural responses, which are considered as an adaptation to the low energy intake. This ability of the human body to adapt to a lowering of the energy intake is without doubt beneficial to the survival of the individual
  16. Fasting--wrong in obesity?
    Fasting has been advocated as an effective way to reduce body weight. However, few data support any long-term effect of this therapy. On the contrary, evidence is accumulating that the repeated weight loss and concomitant weight gain, typical of fasting in many individuals, will lead to a subsequently higher body weight. Each weight cycle seems to increase the risk of a higher waist/hip ratio, greater metabolic efficiency and a food preference towards fat. All these trends result in further problems associated with weight loss and a vicious circle is established
  17. Effects of dieting and exercise on resting metabolic rate and implications for weight management
    Resting metabolic rate accounts for 60–75% of total energy expenditure in sedentary people.2 Therefore, it is a major determinant of energy balance and changes in weight. Factors which decrease resting metabolic rate would be associated with difficulty maintaining weight or weight loss, or frank weight gain. On the contrary, anything that increases resting metabolic rate would facilitate weight loss and maintenance of weight loss. Caloric restriction is known to produce a short-term reduction in resting metabolic rate
  18. Selection of appropriate exercise regimens for weight reduction during VLCD and maintenance
    We conclude that exercise with VLCD is beneficial particularly isotonic resistance training, in improving muscular efficiency and RMR/lean
  19. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanisms
    A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension
  20. Hyperinsulinism syndromes caused by insulin resistance
    Resistance to insulin consists in a decrease in insulin's biologic action and is manifested mainly by hyperinsulinism
  21. Dietary carbohydrate's effects on lipogenesis and the relationship of lipogenesis to blood insulin and glucose concentrations
    The process by which dietary carbohydrate is transformed into fat in the human body is termed de novo lipogenesis
  22. Postprandial de novo lipogenesis and metabolic changes induced by a high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal in lean and overweight men
    De novo lipogenesis was significantly higher before and after meal intake in the overweight men and was positively associated with fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations
  23. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
    Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  24. The metabolic syndrome in women
    The metabolic syndrome is estimated to be present in 47 million US residents with a similar age-adjusted prevalence in men (24%) and women (23%).
  25. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome
    The metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, which includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated CRP levels, identifies subjects who have an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Twenty to 25% of the adult population in the United States have the metabolic syndrome, and in some older groups this prevalence approaches 50%.
  26. Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity: are both potential therapeutic targets for tackling the metabolic syndrome?
    The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of co-morbidities that include central adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which results from an elevated prevalence of obesity.
  27. Hypothyroidism: common complaints, perplexing diagnosis
    The disease affects every major organ system and metabolic process. The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism can be perplexing to the clinician because of its insidious onset and wide array of nonspecific manifestations. Complaints of fatigue, muscle weakness, lethargy, and weight gain are often at first attributed to emotional or other health problems. Additionally, patients may not seek medical care because they are unaware that they are ill
  28. Hypothyroidism and women's health
    Hypothyroidism affects 4% to 10% of women, increasing with age. Symptoms, which are often nonspecific and subtle, can include: lethargy, mild weight gain, edema, cold intolerance, constipation, mental impairment, dry skin, depression, irregular menses, hoarseness, myalgias, hyperlipidemia, and bradycardia.
  29. Hypothyroidism in the elderly: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment
    Some degree of hypothyroidism is common in the elderly. It affects 5-20% of women and 3-8% of men.
  30. Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis
    Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT), characterized by transient hyperthyroidism and transient hypothyroidism, occurs in 5-9% of women. There was a 70% chance of developing recurrent PPT after a first attack, and a 25% risk even in women who were only anti-TPO positive without thyroid dysfunction during the first postpartum period. The recurrence of postpartum depression was not related to thyroid function. Patients noted to have thyroid dysfunction or just to be euthyroid but anti-TPO positive after pregnancy should be assessed carefully after a subsequent pregnancy

Infobesitas - 22ste jaargang nummer 3, herfst 2009

Download Deel II: Niet ieder pondje komt door het mondje - van juiste diagnose naar passende behandeling
  1. Alemany M. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1989;13(1):45-66. The etiologic basis for the classification of obesity
    The physiologic and metabolic pathways responsible of the appearance of obesity are revisited, as well as the current theories on body weight regulatory mechanisms. From this information, a classification of obesities is proposed: 1) Hypothalamic, 2) Bulimic, 3) Digestive, 4) Hyperinsulinemic, 5) Hypothermogenic, 6) Hypothyroid, and 7) Set point.
  2. Alemany M. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1989;13(1):45-66. The etiologic basis for the classification of obesity
    These conditions should not be treated therapeutically in the same way, as the causes of development of the illness are not equal. The need to determine the individualized causes of obesity prior to any treatment is stressed
  3. Erlanson-Albertsson C. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2005 Jun;94(448):40-1. Appetite regulation and energy balance
    Thirty minutes after the start of eating, satiety signals arise from the intestinal tract and, in between meals, from the adipose tissue and liver. Satiety signals are sedative and arrest the processing of food in the intestine, hence leading to termination of eating.
  4. Andrade AM, Greene GW, Melanson KJ. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Jul;108(7):1186-91 Eating slowly led to decreases in energy intake within meals in healthy women
    Ad libitum energy intake was lower when the meal was eaten slowly, and satiety was higher at meal completion. Although more study is needed, these data suggest that eating slowly may help to maximize satiation and reduce energy intake within meals
  5. Speechly DP, Rogers GG, Buffenstein R. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Nov;23(11):1151-9. Acute appetite reduction associated with an increased frequency of eating in obese males
    Obese males fed an isoenergetic pre-load sub-divided into a multi-meal plan consumed 27% less at a subsequent ad libitum test meal than did the same men when given the pre-load as a single meal. Prolonged but attenuated increases in serum insulin concentration on the multi-meal programme may facilitate this acute reduction in appetite
  6. Speechly DP, Buffenstein R. Appetite. 1999 Dec;33(3):285-97. Greater appetite control associated with an increased frequency of eating in lean males
    These data suggest that when the nutrient load was spread into equal amounts and consumed evenly through the day in lean healthy males, there was an enhanced control of appetite. This greater control of satiety when consuming smaller multiple meals may possibly be linked to an attenuation in insulin response although clearly both other physical (gastric stretch) and physiological (release of gastric hormones) factors may also be affected by the periodicity of eating
  7. Mota J, Fidalgo F, Silva R, Ribeiro JC, Santos R, Carvalho J, Santos MP. Ann Hum Biol. 2008 Jan-Feb;35(1):1-10 Relationships between physical activity, obesity and meal frequency in adolescents
    The data indicate that increased meal frequency may have a beneficial effect on a reduced BMI. Physical activity and breakfast skipping may be candidate targets for prevention programmes aimed at reducing overweight/obesity among adolescents
  8. Louis-Sylvestre J, Lluch A, Neant F, Blundell JE. Forum Nutr. 2003;56:126-8 Highlighting the positive impact of increasing feeding frequency on metabolism and weight management
    Research on feeding frequency started more than 20 years ago and some studies have shown evidence of nutritional benefits, especially on metabolism and body weight management. The experts agreed that, as long as we do not consume more energy than we use up and we only eat when we are hungry, it may be useful to split our total energy intake into as many meals as our social pattern allows
  9. Toschke AM, Küchenhoff H, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Obes Res. 2005 Nov;13(11):1932-8 Meal frequency and childhood obesity
    The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: three or fewer meals, 4.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.8 to 6.1]; four meals, 2.8% (95% CI, 2.1 to 3.7); and 5 or more meals, 1.7% (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.4). These effects could not be explained by confounding due to a wide range of constitutional, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors.
  10. Toschke AM, Küchenhoff H, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Obes Res. 2005 Nov;13(11):1932-8 Meal frequency and childhood obesity
    A protective effect of an increased daily meal frequency on obesity in children was observed and appeared to be independent of other risk factors for childhood obesity. A modulation of the response of hormones such as insulin might be instrumental
  11. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans
    A 20% higher protein intake, that is, 18% of energy vs 15% of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss, resulted in a 50% lower body weight regain, only consisting of fat-free mass, and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency
  12. Halton TL, Hu FB. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85 The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review
    There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake.
  13. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Nov;6(6):635-8 The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation
    Protein is more satiating than carbohydrate and fat in the short term, over 24 h and in the long term. Thermogenesis plays a role in this satiety effect, but the role of satiety hormones still needs to be elucidated. On the short-term 'fast' proteins are more satiating than 'slow' proteins, and animal protein induces a higher thermogenesis than vegetable protein
  14. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Leeds AR, Bard D, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1987;11 Suppl 1:73-8 Effects of a moderate dietary fibre supplement on hunger rating, energy input and faecal energy output in young, healthy volunteers. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial
    This study demonstrated that moderate dietary fibre supplementation in normal man increases faecal energy excretion with simultaneously decreased hunger feeling. These beneficial effects may have therapeutic value in the management of obesity
  15. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):763-9. Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    After treatment the weight reduction in the fibre-treated group, 5.5 +/- 0.7 kg, was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P = 0.005). Hunger feelings using visual analogue scales (VAS) were significantly reduced from 139.8 +/- 8.2 cm to 118.3 +/- 7.0 cm in the fibre-treated group, whereas a significant increase from 129.5 +/- 6.9 cm to 146.9 +/- 8.8 cm (P less than 0.02) was seen in the placebo group
  16. Rigaud D, Paycha F, Meulemans A, Merrouche M, Mignon M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;52(4):239-45 Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study
    Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves
  17. Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, Triki R, Caulin C, Segrestaa JM. Gut. 1992 Aug;33(8):1042-3 Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium
    The correlation between echographic gastric emptying and sensations of hunger and satiety was excellent (p < 0.001) after the intake of either psyllium or placebo. Psyllium significantly delayed gastric emptying from the third hour after a meal. It increased the sensation of satiety and decreased hunger at the sixth hour after the meal
  18. Keithley J, Swanson B. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;11(6):30-4 Glucomannan and obesity: a critical review
    At doses of 2-4 g per day, GM was well-tolerated and resulted in significant weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. There is some evidence that GM exerts its beneficial effects by promoting satiety and fecal energy loss. Additionally, GM has been shown to improve lipid and lipoprotein parameters and glycemic status
  19. Walsh DE, Yaghoubian V, Behforooz A Int J Obes. 1984;8(4):289-93 Effect of glucomannan on obese patients: a clinical study
    Results showed a significant mean weight loss (5.5 lbs) using glucomannan over an eight-week period. Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced (21.7 and 15.0 mg/dl respectively) in the glucomannan treated group. No adverse reactions to glucomannan were reported
  20. Vita PM, Restelli A, Caspani P, Klinger R. Minerva Med. 1992 Mar;83(3):135-9. Chronic use of glucomannan in the dietary treatment of severe obesity
    The comparative analysis of the results obtained in both groups showed that the diet + glucomannan group had a more significant weight loss in relation to the fatty mass alone, an overall improvement in lipid status and carbohydrate tolerance, and a greater adherence to the diet in the absence of any relevant side effects. Due to the marked ability to satiate patients and the positive metabolic effects, glucomannan diet supplements have been found to be particularly efficacious and well tolerated even in the long-term treatment of severe obesity
  21. Wurtman JJ. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988;11 Suppl 1:S139-45 Carbohydrate cravings: a disorder of food intake and mood
    Current findings on the relationship between excessive appetite for carbohydrate-rich foods and mood disorders may explain repetitive weight gain or the inability to lose weight among some obese individuals. Obese individuals who crave carbohydrates, exhibit positive changes in mood after carbohydrate intake; Brain serotonin may be involved in these disorders of affect and appetite; thus therapies that mimic the effect of carbohydrate intake on the synthesis and release of this neurotransmitter may be useful in treating obesity arising from these causes
  22. Wurtman JJ.J Am Diet Assoc. 1984 Sep;84(9):1004-7. The involvement of brain serotonin in excessive carbohydrate snacking by obese carbohydrate cravers
    A specific hunger for carbohydrate-rich foods has been observed in animals and human beings and appears to be regulated by the brain neurotransmitter serotonin. Consumption of a carbohydrate-rich meal increases the synthesis and release of brain serotonin. Evidence is presented that carbohydrate snacking seems to be related to a "need" to increase the level of brain serotonin
  23. Josephine Connolly, Theresa Romano and Marisa Patruno Family Practice Vol. 16, No. 2, 196-201 Effects of dieting and exercise on resting metabolic rate and implications for weight management
    Resting metabolic rate accounts for 60–75% of total energy expenditure in sedentary people. Therefore, it is a major determinant of energy balance and changes in weight. Factors which decrease resting metabolic rate would be associated with difficulty maintaining weight or weight loss, or frank weight gain. On the contrary, anything that increases resting metabolic rate would facilitate weight loss and maintenance of weight loss. Caloric restriction is known to produce a short-term reduction in resting metabolic rate
  24. Byrne HK, Wilmore JH. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001 Mar;11(1):15-31. The effects of a 20-week exercise training program on resting metabolic rate in previously sedentary, moderately obese women
    Resistance training (RT) can potentiate an increase in RMR through an increase in fat-free mass.
  25. Lemons AD, Kreitzman SN, Coxon A, Howard A. Int J Obes. 1989;13 Suppl 2:119-23 Selection of appropriate exercise regimens for weight reduction during VLCD and maintenance
    We conclude that exercise with VLCD is beneficial particularly isotonic resistance training, in improving muscular efficiency and RMR/lean.
  26. Del Prato S. Presse Med. 1992 Sep 9;21(28):1312-7. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanisms
    A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension
  27. Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Nutrition. 2004 Jul-Aug;20(7-8):716-27 Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet
    Ingestion of carbohydrate in the hours before or on commencement of exercise reduces the rate of fat oxidation significantly compared with fasted conditions, whereas fasting longer than 6 h optimizes fat oxidation. Fat oxidation rates have been shown to decrease after ingestion of high-fat diets, partly as a result of decreased glycogen stores and partly because of adaptations at the muscle level
  28. Martin WH 3rd. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1996;24:203-31 Effects of acute and chronic exercise on fat metabolism.
    Fatty acids are an important source of energy for skeletal muscle contraction, particularly during exercise of mild-moderate intensity, prolonged duration, and in the fasting state
  29. Lejeune MP, Westerterp KR, Adam TC, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):89-94 Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jan;83(1):89-94 Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber
    An HP diet, compared with an AP diet, fed at energy balance for 4 d increased 24-h satiety, thermogenesis, sleeping metabolic rate, protein balance, and fat oxidation. Satiety was related to protein intake, and incidentally to ghrelin and GLP-1 concentrations, only during the HP diet
  30. No authors listed Diabetes Educ. 2004;Suppl:2-14. A scientific review: the role of chromium in insulin resistance
    Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action and its effects on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Chromium is an important factor for enhancing insulin activity. Chromium picolinate, specifically, has been shown to reduce insulin resistance. Supplements containing 200-1,000 mcg chromium as chromium picolinate a day have been found to improve blood glucose control. Chromium picolinate is the most efficacious form of chromium supplementation. Numerous animal studies and human clinical trials have demonstrated that chromium picolinate supplements are safe
  31. Hummel M, Standl E, Schnell O. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Oct;39(10):743-51 Chromium in metabolic and cardiovascular disease
    Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence that chromium may facilitate insulin signaling and chromium supplementation therefore may improve systemic insulin sensitivity. Since chromium supplementation is a safe treatment, further research is necessary to resolve the confounding data. The existing data suggest to concentrate future studies on certain forms as chromium picolinate and doses as at least 200 mcg per day
  32. Takaya J, Magnes Res. 2004 Jun;17(2):126-36 Intracellular magnesium and insulin resistance
    Magnesium is required for both proper glucose utilization and insulin signaling. Metabolic alterations in cellular magnesium, which may play the role of a second messenger for insulin action, contribute to insulin resistance.
  33. Belin RJ, He K. Magnes Res. 2007 Jun;20(2):107-29 Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome
    Recently, there has been burgeoning experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data that provides strong evidence that dietary magnesium intake and supplementation are inversely associated with the risk for MetS and its components.
  34. Fox CS, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Murabito JM, Seely EW, Pearce EN, Vasan RS. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Mar 24;168(6):587-92 Relations of thyroid function to body weight: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in a community-based sample
    Thyroid function (as assessed by serum TSH concentration) within the reference range is associated with body weight in both sexes. Our findings raise the possibility that modest increases in serum TSH concentrations within the reference range may be associated with weight gain
  35. CBG-Med, 13 december 2007 - Hyperiplant als eerste geneesmiddel op basis van St.Janskruid geregistreerd
    Hyperiplant® is als eerste kruidengeneesmiddel op basis van een extract van Hypericum perforatum (Sint Janskruid), door het CBG geregistreerd voor gebruik bij milde tot matige depressieve klachten.
  36. Kimmons JE, Blanck HM, Tohill BC, Zhang J, Khan LK., MedGenMed. 2006 Dec 19;8(4):59., Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults
    Overweight and obese adults had higher odds of low levels for a number of nutrients compared with normal-weight adults. Odds of being low in multiple micronutrients was most common among overweight and obese premenopausal women
  37. Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JR. J Psychiatr Pract. 2005 Sep;11(5):302-14 double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate craving
    The results of this study suggest that the main effect of chromium was on carbohydrate craving and appetite regulation in depressed patients and that 600 mug of elemental chromium may be beneficial for patients with atypical depression who also have severe carbohydrate craving
  38. Diabetes Educ. 2004;Suppl:2-14 A scientific review: the role of chromium in insulin resistance
    Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action and its effects on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Chromium picolinate, specifically, has been shown to reduce insulin resistance and to help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
  39. Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ, Bakker SJ, Houweling ST. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004 Jan 31;148(5):217-20. Chromium and insulin resistance
    Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance. In a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial in a Chinese population with type-2 diabetes mellitus, supplementation with 1000 micrograms of chromium led to a fall in the glycosylated haemoglobin level (HbA1c) by 2%. Toxic effects of chromium are seldom seen
  40. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL; American Dietetic Association. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):993-1000 Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber
    Dietary fiber consists of the structural and storage polysaccharides and lignin in plants that are not digested in the human stomach and small intestine. A wealth of information supports the American Dietetic Association position that the public should consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from a variety of plant foods. Recommended intakes, 20-35 g/day for healthy adults and age plus 5 g/day for children, are not being met, because intakes of good sources of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole and high-fiber grain products, and legumes are low
  41. Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Brogioni S, Burelli A, Scarcello G, Martino E. Horm Res. 1996;45(3-5):142-7 Measurement of serum free thyroid hormone concentrations: an essential tool for the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction
    When hypothyroidism is suspected, the most reliable test appears to be FT4 (together with TSH), because FT3 may still be normal in patients with subclinical or mild thyroid failure
  42. Wémeau JL, Lefebvre J, Linquette M. Nouv Presse Med. 1979 Feb 3;8(6):415-9. ["Low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome": "thyroxine (T4) euthyroidism" evidence
    As first described in serious systemic illnesses isolated decreased T3 plasma concentration was related to impaired peripheral conversion of T4, to T3 with preferential production of reverse T3 (rT3). A "low T3 syndrome" was seen in 47 out of 109 patients with extra-thyroidal diseases. Metabolic state, TSH and TSH responses to TRH were normal despite of low T3 concentration. Euthyroidism seems mainly due to T4 itself in these patients
  43. Roti E, Minelli R, Salvi M. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Jun;24 Suppl 2:S113-5. Thyroid hormone metabolism in obesity
    Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and their metabolic fate are within the normal range limits in obese subjects. Also serum TSH concentrations and its response to TRH are normal, suggesting that tissue availability of thyroid hormones is normally preserved in these subjects. In contrast, during caloric restriction serum T3 concentrations decrease as a consequence of its reduced production rate from peripheral deiodination of T4.
  44. Rössner S. Nord Med. 1990;105(6-7):190-1. Fasting--wrong in obesity?
    Fasting has been advocated as an effective way to reduce body weight. However, few data support any long-term effect of this therapy. On the contrary, evidence is accumulating that the repeated weight loss and concomitant weight gain, typical of fasting in many individuals, will lead to a subsequently higher body weight. Each weight cycle seems to increase the risk of a higher waist/hip ratio, greater metabolic efficiency and a food preference towards fat. All these trends result in further problems associated with weight loss and a vicious circle is established

Infobesitas - 22ste jaargang nummer 4, december 2009

Download Deel III: Voorkomen is beter dan genezen - dat geldt ook voor overgewicht
  1. Rössner S. Nord Med. 1990;105(6-7):190-1. Fasting--wrong in obesity?
    Fasting has been advocated as an effective way to reduce body weight. However, few data support any long-term effect of this therapy. On the contrary, evidence is accumulating that the repeated weight loss and concomitant weight gain, typical of fasting in many individuals, will lead to a subsequently higher body weight. Each weight cycle seems to increase the risk of a higher waist/hip ratio, greater metabolic efficiency and a food preference towards fat. All these trends result in further problems associated with weight loss and a vicious circle is established
  2. Willett WC. Public Health Nutr. 2006 Feb;9(1A):105-10 The Mediterranean diet: science and practice
    Both epidemiologic and metabolic studies suggest that individuals can benefit greatly by adopting elements of Mediterranean diets.
  3. Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. BMJ. 2008 Sep 11;337:a1344. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1344 Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis
    Greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant improvement in health status, as seen by a significant reduction in overall mortality (9%), mortality from cardiovascular diseases (9%), incidence of or mortality from cancer (6%), and incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (13%).
  4. de Lorgeril M, Salen P. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Dec;10(6):518-22 The mediterranean diet: rationale and evidence for its benefit
    There is now a consensus about recommending the Mediterranean diet pattern for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer. The most important aspect of this treatment decision, in contrast with the pharmacologic prevention of CHD (including cholesterol lowering), is that the Mediterranean diet has a striking effect on survival
  5. Hardin-Fanning F. Nurs Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;43(1):105-15; The effects of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk
    A Mediterranean-style diet should be recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
  6. Kris-Etherton P, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St Jeor S, Bazzarre TL; Nutrition Committee Population Science Committee and Clinical Science Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001 Apr 3;103(13):1823-5. AHA Science Advisory: Lyon Diet Heart Study. Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease
    There is provocative evidence from the Lyon Diet Heart Study2 suggesting that a Mediterranean-style, Step I diet (emphasizing more bread, more root vegetables and green vegetables, more fish, less beef, lamb and pork replaced with poultry, no day without fruit, and butter and cream replaced with margarine high in -linolenic acid) has effects that may be superior to those observed for the usual Step I diet
  7. Rose Marie Robertson, MD; Lynn Smaha, MD, PhD (Circulation. 2001;103:1821.) © 2001 American Heart Association, Inc. Can a Mediterranean-Style Diet Reduce Heart Disease?
    In this issue of Circulation, the AHA issues a scientific advisory13 stating that a Mediterranean-style diet demonstrates impressive effects on cardiovascular disease
  8. Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R. Nutr Rev. 2006 Feb;64(2 Pt 2):S27-47 Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review
    The Mediterranean diet showed favorable effects on lipoprotein levels, endothelium vasodilatation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, antioxidant capacity, myocardial and cardiovascular mortality, and cancer incidence in obese patients and in those with previous myocardial infarction.
  9. RIVM 2004 Gezonde voeding en leefstijl: ook op hoge leeftijd minder kans op sterfte
    Ouderen die zgn. Mediterrane voeding gebruiken, leven gemiddeld langer dan generatiegenoten die een ‘gewoon’ voedingspatroon hebben. Mediterrane voeding is rijk aan groenten, fruit, granen, peulvruchten, vis en olijfolie en bevat weinig vlees en zuivelproducten.
  10. Kim T. B. Knoops, MSc; Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, PhD; Daan Kromhout, PhD; Anne-Elisabeth Perrin, MD, MSc; Olga Moreiras-Varela, PhD; Alessandro Menotti, MD, PhD; Wija A. van Staveren, PhD JAMA. 2004;292:1433-1439. Mediterranean
    Among individuals aged 70 to 90 years, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and healthful lifestyle is associated with a more than 50% lower rate of all-causes and cause-specific mortality.
  11. RIVM 2005 Final report of the HALE (Healthy Ageing: a Longitudinal study in Europe) project
    For this project longitudinal data were used of three international studies: the Seven Countries Study database (7047 men followed for 35 years in five European countries) and the combined database of the FINE and SENECA Study (3805 elderly men and women followed for 10 years in 12 European countries).
  12. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Feb;21(1):55-61 Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women
    These data indicate an added energy-cost associated with high-protein, low-fat diets and may help explain the efficacy of such diets for weight loss.
  13. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Regul Pept. 2008 Aug 7;149(1-3):67-9 Protein intake and energy balance
    Elevated thermogenesis and GLP-1 appear to play a role in high protein induced satiety.
  14. Paddon-Jones D, Westman E, Mattes RD, Wolfe RR, Astrup A, Westerterp-Plantenga M. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1558S-1561S Protein, weight management, and satiety
    Potential beneficial outcomes associated with protein ingestion include the following: 1) increased satiety--protein generally increases satiety to a greater extent than carbohydrate or fat and may facilitate a reduction in energy consumption under ad libitum dietary conditions; 2) increased thermogenesis--higher-protein diets are associated with increased thermogenesis, which also influences satiety and augments energy expenditure (in the longer term, increased thermogenesis contributes to the relatively low-energy efficiency of protein); and 3) maintenance or accretion of fat-free mass--in some individuals, a moderately higher protein diet may provide a stimulatory effect on muscle protein anabolism, favoring the retention of lean muscle mass while improving metabolic profile.
  15. Halton TL, Hu FB. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85 The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review
    There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content
  16. Mayurasakorn K, Srisura W, Sitphahul P, Hongto PO. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008 Mar;91(3):400-7 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after continuous egg consumption in healthy adults
    In the majority of healthy adults, an addition of one egg per day to a normal fat diet could raise HDL-c levels and decreased the ratio of TC toHDL-c. Therefore, egg consumption might benefit blood cholesterol.
  17. Fernandez ML. J Nutr. 2008 Feb;138(2):272-6. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases plasma HDL cholesterol in overweight men consuming a carbohydrate-restricted diet
    These results suggest that including eggs in a CRD results in increased HDL-C while decreasing the risk factors associated with MetS.
  18. Vander Wal JS, Gupta A, Khosla P, Dhurandhar NV. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Oct;32(10):1545-51Egg breakfast enhances weight loss
    The egg breakfast enhances weight loss, when combined with an energy-deficit diet, but does not induce weight loss in a free-living condition. The inclusion of eggs in a weight management program may offer a nutritious supplement to enhance weight loss.
  19. Vander Wal JS, Marth JM, Khosla P, Jen KL, Dhurandhar NV. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Dec;24(6):510-5 Short-term effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects
    Compared to an isocaloric, equal weight bagel-based breakfast, the egg-breakfast induced greater satiety and significantly reduced short-term food intake. The potential role of a routine egg breakfast in producing a sustained caloric deficit and consequent weight loss, should be determined.
  20. Byrne HK, Wilmore JH. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001 Mar;11(1):15-31. The effects of a 20-week exercise training program on resting metabolic rate in previously sedentary, moderately obese women
    Resistance training (RT) can potentiate an increase in RMR through an increase in fat-free mass.
  21. Kirk EP, Donnelly JE, Smith BK, Honas J, Lecheminant JD, Bailey BW, Jacobsen DJ, Washburn RA. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 May;41(5):1122-9 Minimal resistance training improves daily energy expenditure and fat oxidation
    A minimal RT program that required little time to complete (11min per session) resulted in a chronic increase in energy expenditure. This adaptation in energy expenditure may have a favorable impact on energy balance and fat oxidation sufficient to assist with the prevention of obesity in sedentary, overweight young adults, a group at high risk for developing obesity.
  22. Del Prato S. Presse Med. 1992 Sep 9;21(28):1312-7. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanisms
    A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension.
  23. Bos MB, de Vries JH, Wolffenbuttel BH, Verhagen H, Hillege JL, Feskens EJ. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007 Oct 27;151(43):2382-8 The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
    Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  24. Robert JJ., Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1990 Mar;37(3):143-9., Hyperinsulinism syndromes caused by insulin resistance
    Resistance to insulin consists in a decrease in insulin's biologic action and is manifested mainly by hyperinsulinism.
  25. Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G., Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(21):2169-75., Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity: are both potential therapeutic targets for tackling the metabolic syndrome?
    The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of co-morbidities that include central adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which results from an elevated prevalence of obesity.
  26. Storlien LH, Higgins JA, Thomas TC, Brown MA, Wang HQ, Huang XF, Else PL. Br J Nutr. 2000 Mar;83 Suppl 1:S85-90. Diet composition and insulin action in animal models
    Substantial evidence has now accumulated for a major role of dietary fat subtypes in insulin action. Intake of saturated fats is strongly linked to development of obesity and insulin resistance, while that of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) is not.
  27. Calvert GD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Sep 20;827:287-301 Does dietary fat influence insulin action?
    Epidemiological evidence linking particularly high saturated fat intake with hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of diabetes.
  28. Kien CL. Curr Diab Rep. 2009 Feb;9(1):43-50 Dietary interventions for metabolic syndrome: role of modifying dietary fats
    In humans, insulin sensitivity is relatively impaired by diets that are low in oleic acid (OA), a cis monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), or rich in trans MUFA or palmitic acid (PA), a saturated fatty acid (FA).
  29. Fedor D, Kelley DS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Mar;12(2):138-46 Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
    n-3 PUFA supplementation has clinical significance in the prevention and reversal of insulin resistance. However, increased intake of n-3 PUFA should be part of an overall healthy lifestyle that includes weight control, exercise, and reduction in the intake of refined sugars, n-6, saturated, and trans fatty acids.
  30. Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):289-99 N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?
    In rodents in vivo, n-3 LC-PUFA have a protective effect against high fat diet induced insulin resistance. These effects are encouraging in the perspective of prevention of insulin resistance but further clinical and basic studies must be designed to confirm and complete our knowledge in this field.
  31. Ramel A, Martinéz A, Kiely M, Morais G, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I. Diabetologia. 2008 Jul;51(7):1261-8. Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults.
    LC n-3 PUFA consumption during energy reduction exerts positive effects on insulin resistance in young overweight individuals, independently from changes in body weight, triacylglycerol, erythrocyte membrane or adiponectin.
  32. Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Schöfl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, Koebnick C, Kohl A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF. Diabetes Care. 2006 Apr;29(4):775-80 Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women
    After consumption of nine macronutrient-matched portions of fiber-enriched bread (white bread enriched with 31.2 g insoluble fiber/day) or control (white bread) over a time period of 72 h, whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Increased insoluble dietary fiber intake for 3 days significantly improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. These data suggest a potential mechanism linking cereal fiber intake and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
  33. Aleixandre A, Miguel M. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Nov;48(10):905-12 Dietary fiber in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome: a review
    Inclusion of fiber in the diet has been linked to the prevention of a range of illnesses and conditions. This review contains several ideas about the possible benefits of dietary fiber intake in patients with metabolic syndrome. The principal beneficial effects of a fiber-rich diet in these patients are: prevention of obesity, improved glucose levels, and control of the profile of blood lipids.
  34. Davy BM, Melby CL. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Jan;103(1):86-96 The effect of fiber-rich carbohydrates on features of Syndrome X
    There has been much debate among nutritionists and scientists regarding the optimal dietary approach for the treatment of the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, also called Syndrome X. This review indicates that an HCLF dietary pattern such as that used in the DASH trial, with a level of dietary fiber consistent with the recommendations of the American Dietetic Association (eg, 20-35g/day), containing from 3 to 10 g soluble fiber/day, may be beneficial for treating those with Syndrome X.
  35. Galisteo M, Duarte J, Zarzuelo A. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Feb;19(2):71-84. Epub 2007 Jul 6 Effects of dietary fibers on disturbances clustered in the metabolic syndrome
    Because of its growing prevalence in Western countries, the metabolic syndrome, a common metabolic disorder that clusters a constellation of abnormalities, including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Among dietary modifications, dietary fiber intake could play an interesting role in the management of metabolic syndrome through different mechanisms related to its dietary sources, specific chemical structure and physical properties, or fermentability in the gut.
  36. Giugliano D, Esposito K. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Feb;19(1):63-8 Mediterranean diet and metabolic diseases
    Mounting evidence suggests that Mediterranean diets could serve as an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, which could help fighting diseases that are related to chronic inflammation, including visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
  37. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Esposito K. Diabetes Care. 2008 May;31(5):e36 Mediterranean diet inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: the SUN Prospective Cohort: response to Tortosa et al
    This is good evidence for a role of healthy dietary patterns, which currently include the Mediterranean dietary pattern, in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
  38. Trichopoulou A, Dilis V. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Oct;51(10):1275-8 Olive oil and longevity
    Several lines of evidence point to olive oil and the olive oil-centered Mediterranean diet as conducive to longevity.
  39. Fitó M, Cladellas M, de la Torre R, Martí J, Muñoz D, Schröder H, Alcántara M, Pujadas-Bastardes M, Marrugat J, López-Sabater MC, Bruguera J, Covas MI; SOLOS Investigators. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;62(4):570-4 Anti-inflammatory effect of virgin olive oil in stable coronary disease patients: a randomized, crossover, controlled trial
    Consumption of virgin olive oil, could provide beneficial effects in stable coronary heart disease patients as an additional intervention to the pharmacological treatment.
  40. Tierney AC, Roche HM. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Oct;51(10):1235-48 The potential role of olive oil-derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity
    This review addresses the potential role of olive oil-derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity, particularly how dietary fat interacts with insulin resistance looking at whole body metabolic measures, as well as molecular effects.
  41. Voedingscentrum, 15 augustus 2008, Schijf van Vijf concept
    Bij vetten is bijvoorbeeld een fles zonnebloemolie afgebeeld. Olie staat in de Schijf als bron van essentiële vetzuren. Alle oliesoorten staan in de voorkeursgroep omdat deze weinig verzadigde vetzuren bevatten. En zonnebloemolie is de meest gebruikte olie
  42. Hennig B, Meerarani P, Ramadass P, Watkins BA, Toborek M. Metabolism. 2000 Aug;49(8):1006-13 Fatty acid-mediated activation of vascular endothelial cells.
    Furthermore, linoleic acid and other omega-6 fatty acids appear to be the most proinflammatory and possibly atherogenic fatty acids
  43. Viswanathan S, Hammock BD, Newman JW, Meerarani P, Toborek M, Hennig B. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):502-10 Involvement of CYP 2C9 in mediating the proinflammatory effects of linoleic acid in vascular endothelial cells
    Our data show that CYP 2C9 plays a key role in linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and subsequent proinflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells by possibly causing superoxide generation through uncoupling processes.
  44. Toborek M, Hennig B. Subcell Biochem. 1998;30:415-36 The role of linoleic acid in endothelial cell gene expression. Relationship to atherosclerosis
    There is evidence that linoleic acid plays a critical role in gene expression and vascular function as it relates to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  45. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Apr;20(2 Suppl):97-105 High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis
    Our studies suggest that omega-6 fatty acids, and especially linoleic acid, cause endothelial cell dysfunction most markedly as well as can potentiate TNF-mediated endothelial cell injury. We propose that high-energy diets, and especially diets rich in linoleic acid, are atherogenic by contributing to an imbalance in cellular oxidative stress/antioxidant status of the endothelium, which can lead to activation of oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, inflammatory cytokine production and the expression of adhesion molecules.
  46. Voedingscentrum Vetwijzer
    verzadigt vet = verkeerd, onverzadigd vet = oké
  47. Simopoulos AP. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Nov;60(9):502-7 Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases
    Anthropological and epidemiological studies and studies at the molecular level indicate that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects.
  48. Simopoulos AP. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun;233(6):674-88 The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
    Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.
  49. Weiss LA, Barrett-Connor E, von Mühlen D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):934-8 Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study
    A higher ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids is associated with lower BMD at the hip in both sexes. These findings suggest that the relative amounts of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids may play a vital role in preserving skeletal integrity in older age.
  50. Calder PC. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Aug;52(8):885-97 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases
    With regard to inflammatory processes, the main fatty acids of interest are the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), which is the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids like prostaglandin E(2) and leukotriene B(4), and the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are found in oily fish and fish oils. EPA and DHA inhibit AA metabolism to inflammatory eicosanoids.
  51. Simopoulos AP. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Dec;21(6):495-505 Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases
    Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids.
  52. Margioris AN. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Mar;12(2):129-37 Fatty acids and postprandial inflammation
    In this review, we will summarize all experimental evidence suggesting that the two families of PUFA appear to have antagonistic effects on postprandial inflammation, n-3 PUFA being anti-inflammatory while n-6 PUFA proinflammatory
  53. Voedingscentrum Becel Keuken Light van Unilever
    In Becel Keuken Light zitten aanzienlijk minder calorieën en verzadigd vet dan in reguliere vloeibare bak- en braadproducten. Daarnaast levert dit product essentiële vetzuren zoals n-3 vetzuren.
  54. Becel keuken light Voedingswaarde per 100 gram
    - meervoudig onverzadigd 29 g - omega-6 (linolzuur) 25 g - omega-3 (alfa-linoleenzuur) 4,5 g
  55. Becel omega 3 plus Voedingswaarde per 100 gram:
    - meervoudig onverzadigd waarvan: 21 g - Omega 6 (linolzuur) 16,3 g - Omega-3: 3,75 g, waarvan - EPA + DHA: 750 mg - alfa-linoleenzuur: 3 g
  56. Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Giacco R. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;87(1):269S-274S Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes
    In nondiabetic persons, suggestive evidence is available from epidemiologic studies that a diet based on carbohydrate-rich foods with a low-GI, high-fiber content may protect against diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The best evidence of the clinical usefulness of GI is available in diabetic patients in whom low-GI foods have consistently shown beneficial effects on blood glucose control in both the short-term and the long-term.
  57. Livesey G, Taylor R, Hulshof T, Howlett J. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;87(1):258S-268S Glycemic response and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes
    Insulin sensitivity according to a variety of measurement methods was improved by lower GI, higher unavailable carbohydrate interventions in persons with type 2 diabetes, in overweight and obese persons, and in all studies combined.
  58. Steemburgo T, Dall'Alba V, Gross JL, Azevedo MJ. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007 Dec;51(9):1425-33 Dietary factors and metabolic syndrome
    Foods with high glycemic index were positively associated with insulin resistance and the prevalence of MS.
  59. Tabel van glycemische indexen
    De glycemische index van een koolhydraat is een getal wat aangeeft hoe sterk de glucosespiegel in het bloed omhoog gaat na het eten van een voedingsmiddel. Hoe lager het getal hoe beter.
  60. Liu S. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Aug;21(4):298-306 Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease
    These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases.
  61. Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Feb;62(1):143-9 Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes
    Intake of wholegrain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21-27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30-36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile
  62. McKeown NM. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jul;62(7 Pt 1):286-91 Whole grain intake and insulin sensitivity: evidence from observational studies
    Observational studies have found that diets rich in whole-grain foods are associated with improved insulin sensitivity. The improved insulin sensitivity may be mediated in part by magnesium and dietary fiber, two nutrients found in whole-grain foods. By incorporating whole-grain foods into the diet, therefore, insulin sensitivity might be improved
  63. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D'Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):965-71 Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
    Higher intakes of whole grains were associated with increases in insulin sensitivity
  64. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):537-43 Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity
    The consumption of HFCS increased > 1000% between 1970 and 1990, far exceeding the changes in intake of any other food or food group. Thus, the increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
  65. Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Feb;19(1):16-24. Fructose consumption: potential mechanisms for its effects to increase visceral adiposity and induce dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.
    we have reported that consumption of a high-fructose diet, but not a high-glucose diet, promotes the development of three of the pathological characteristics associated with metabolic syndrome: visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.
  66. Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschöp M, Kieffer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2963-72 Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women
    Consumption of HFr meals produced a rapid and prolonged elevation of plasma triglycerides compared with the HGl day (P < 0.005). Because insulin and leptin, and possibly ghrelin, function as key signals to the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy balance, decreases of circulating insulin and leptin and increased ghrelin concentrations, as demonstrated in this study, could lead to increased caloric intake and ultimately contribute to weight gain and obesity during chronic consumption of diets high in fructose.
  67. Ouyang X, Cirillo P, Sautin Y, McCall S, Bruchette JL, Diehl AM, Johnson RJ, Abdelmalek MF. J Hepatol. 2008 Jun;48(6):993-9 Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
    The pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of NAFLD may be associated with excessive dietary fructose consumption
  68. Nöthlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1495-501 Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study
    High fructose and sucrose intakes may play a role in pancreatic cancer etiology. Conditions such as overweight or obesity in which a degree of insulin resistance may be present may also be important
  69. Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Kidney Int. 2008 Jan;73(2):207-12. Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones
    We documented 4902 incident kidney stones during a combined 48 years of follow-up. The multivariate relative risks of kidney stones significantly increased for participants in the highest compared to the lowest quintile of total-fructose intake for all three study groups.
  70. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):911-22 Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome
    Although there are existing data on the metabolic and endocrine effects of dietary fructose that suggest that increased consumption of fructose may be detrimental in terms of body weight and adiposity and the metabolic indexes associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, much more research is needed to fully understand the metabolic effect of dietary fructose in humans.
  71. Miller A, Adeli K. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;24(2):204-9 Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome
    There is much evidence from both animal models and human studies supporting the notion that fructose is a highly lipogenic nutrient that, when consumed in high quantities, contributes to tissue insulin insensitivity, metabolic defects, and the development of a prediabetic state. Recently evidence has helped to decipher the mechanisms involved in these metabolic changes.
  72. Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Nutr Rev. 2007 Jun;65(6 Pt 2):S13-23 Fructose and the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms
    Emerging evidence suggests that increased dietary consumption of fructose in Western society may be a potentially important factor in the growing rates of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
  73. Miller A, Adeli K. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;24(2):204-9 Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome
    There is much evidence from both animal models and human studies supporting the notion that fructose is a highly lipogenic nutrient that, when consumed in high quantities, contributes to tissue insulin insensitivity, metabolic defects, and the development of a prediabetic state. Recently evidence has helped to decipher the mechanisms involved in these metabolic changes.
  74. Fabrikant: Yakult Nederland BV - Productgroep: boek: 2.G YAKULT
    Voedingswaarde: per 100 ml: 312 kJ, 74 kcal; eiwit 1,4 g; koolhydraten 17,2 g (suikers 17,2 g, glucose 3,7 g, fructose 3,8 g, lactose 1,6 g, maltose < 0,2 g, sacharose 8,3 g); vet <0,1 g; Na 0,01 g, K 57 mg, Ca 50 mg, P 36 mg, Mg 4,3 mg; Fe <0,02 mg, Zn 0,14 mg, Cu <0,02 mg, Mn <0,004 mg, F <0,01 mg; vit B1 <0,01 mg, vit B2 0,06 mg, vit B6 0,01 mg, vit B12 0,05 µg, vit C 0,22 mg, foliumzuur <4 µg, biotine 0,53 µg, pantotheenzuur 0,11 mg.
  75. Griguol Chulich VI, León-Camacho M, Vicario Romero IM. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2005 Dec;55(4):367-73 Margarine's trans-fatty acid composition: modifications during the last decades and new trends
    Trans fatty acids isomers are formed during the hydrogenation process used in the food industry to harden oils. In the last decades there has been a great controversy about the consumption of margarine due to the levels of trans fatty acids they contain.
  76. Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1019-26 Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
    These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk.
  77. Mozaffarian D. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):29-32. Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function
    Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone.
  78. Mozaffarian D, Willett WC. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):486-93 Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: a unique cardiometabolic imprint?
    Prospective observational studies demonstrate strong positive associations between TFA consumption and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.
  79. Chajès V, Thiébaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir GM, Clavel-Chapelon F. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jun 1;167(11):1312-20 Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study
    A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.
  80. Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Jun;5(6):335-44. Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes
    The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in most countries are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA consumption is a modifiable dietary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. TFA consumption causes metabolic dysfunction: it adversely affects circulating lipid levels, triggers systemic inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, according to some studies, increases visceral adiposity, body weight, and insulin resistance.
  81. Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE, Commerford SR. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1200-7. Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids
    These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats.
  82. Osso FS, Moreira AS, Teixeira MT, Pereira RO, Tavares do Carmo MG, Moura AS. Nutrition. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(7-8):727-32. Trans fatty acids in maternal milk lead to cardiac insulin resistance in adult offspring
    Our data suggest that the consumption of hydrogenated fat, rich in TFAs, by the mothers during the lactation period caused cardiac insulin resistance in the adult progeny, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that early adaptations may cause deleterious consequences later in life.
  83. Albuquerque KT, Sardinha FL, Telles MM, Watanabe RL, Nascimento CM, Tavares do Carmo MG, Ribeiro EB. Nutrition. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):820-9 Intake of trans fatty acid-rich hydrogenated fat during
    pregnancy and lactation inhibits the hypophagic effect of central insulin in the adult offspring The data suggest that the early (intrauterine/perinatal) exposure to hydrogenated fat rich in trans fatty acids programmed the hypothalamic feeding control mechanisms. As young adults, only trans-control animals showed loss of insulin-induced hypophagia, indicating that the mismatch between early and later nutritional environments was relevant. However, the trans group also showed signs of altered appetite signaling mechanisms, suggesting that the early adaptations may have deleterious consequences later in life.
  84. Gezondheid Raad Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie
    Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. De veranderingen in consumptie hebben van 1987 tot 1997 geleid tot een verminderde inname van vitamines (vooral A, E, D en foliumzuur) en mineralen (zoals ijzer).
  85. Liga Bisquits Evergreen Appel, Het voedzame en verantwoorde tussendoortje
    Transvet: LIGA EverGreen bevat niet meer dan 1 g transvet per 100 g
  86. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Leeds AR, Bard D, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1987;11 Suppl 1:73-8 Effects of a moderate dietary fibre supplement on hunger rating, energy input and faecal energy output in young, healthy volunteers. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial
    This study demonstrated that moderate dietary fibre supplementation in normal man increases faecal energy excretion with simultaneously decreased hunger feeling. These beneficial effects may have therapeutic value in the management of obesity.
  87. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):763-9 Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    It is concluded that a dietary fibre supplement is of value in the management of overweight, enhancing weight loss and decreasing hunger feelings.
  88. Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
    Volkoren én variatie leveren veel voedingsvezel! Zes sneetjes witbrood leveren samen 5 gram voedingsvezels, terwijl je met 6 sneetjes volkorenbrood wel 14 gram vezels binnen krijgt.
  89. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL; American Dietetic Association. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):993-1000 Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber
    Dietary fiber consists of the structural and storage polysaccharides and lignin in plants that are not digested in the human stomach and small intestine. A wealth of information supports the American Dietetic Association position that the public should consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from a variety of plant foods. Recommended intakes, 20-35 g/day for healthy adults and age plus 5 g/day for children, are not being met, because intakes of good sources of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole and high-fiber grain products, and legumes are low.
  90. Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN  90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
    Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.
  91. Voedingscentrum Smeersel met weinig vet zijn de beste keuze
    Het Voorlichtingsbureau Margarine, Vetten en Oliën (MVO) is een campagne gestart om het besmeren van brood te promoten. Onder het motto ‘Een boterham is gezond, maar een boterham met margarine is gezonder’ wordt aangegeven dat het besmeren van brood een belangrijke bijdrage levert aan een gezond eetpatroon. Het Voedingscentrum is het daarmee eens, maar geeft daarbij de voorkeur aan smeersels met zo min mogelijk vet. Die bevatten weinig verzadigd vet én leveren minder calorieën
  92. Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, Liu S. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):774-9 Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment
    fiber paralleled the upward trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes observed in the United States during the 20th century.
  93. 2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemeten
    Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding
  94. Nieuwe richtlijn vezelconsumptie
    minimaal 20% van de Nederlanders voldoet aan de richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
  95. Rigaud D, Paycha F, Meulemans A, Merrouche M, Mignon M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;52(4):239-45 Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study
    requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves
  96. Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, Triki R, Caulin C, Segrestaa JM. Gut. 1992 Aug;33(8):1042-3 Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium
    The correlation between echographic gastric emptying and sensations of hunger and satiety was excellent (p < 0.001) after the intake of either psyllium or placebo. Psyllium significantly delayed gastric emptying from the third hour after a meal. It increased the sensation of satiety and decreased hunger at the sixth hour after the meal.
  97. Voedingscentrum 16 februari 2009 Afvallen
    Om af te vallen is het vooral belangrijk minder te eten: beweging is meer ondersteunend
  98. Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Lefevre M, Hwang D, Ryan DH, York DA. J Nutr. 2002 Sep;132(9):2488-91 The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflamation
    Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation.
  99. Wertz PW. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 May-Jun;25(4-5):279-83 Essential fatty acids and dietary stress
    The imbalanced consumption of the two families of essential fatty acids contributes to a range of diseases. Greater awareness of this problem is leading to increased use of dietary supplements and new products intended to decrease omega-6 consumption while increasing omega-3 intake.
  100. Dichtl W, Ares MP, Jönson AN, Jovinge S, Pachinger O, Giachelli CM, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Nilsson J. Metabolism. 2002 Mar;51(3):327-33 Linoleic acid-stimulated vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells depends on nuclear factor-kappaB activation
    These findings suggest that diets rich in linoleic acid may be proinflammatory and thus atherogenic by activating vascular endothelial cells.
  101. Mozaffarian D, Ascherio A, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Siscovick DS, Rimm EB. Circulation. 2005 Jan 18;111(2):157-64. Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men
    risk, but n-6 PUFAs may compete with n-3 PUFA metabolism and attenuate benefits. n-3 PUFAs from both seafood and plant sources may reduce CHD risk, with little apparent influence from background n-6 PUFA intake. Plant-based n-3 PUFAs may particularly reduce CHD risk when seafood-based n-3 PUFA intake is low, which has implications for populations with low consumption or availability of fatty fish

Infobesitas - 23ste jaargang nummer 1, maart 2010

Download Deel IV: De Nota Overgwicht schiet tekort - “Meer van het zelfde beleid” onverstandig
  1. VWS Nota overgewicht 23 maart 2009
    De oorzaak van overgewicht op individueel niveau lijkt simpel, want het is een gevolg van een positieve energiebalans: te veel eten en/of te weinig bewegen. Hieruit voortgeredeneerd is ook de oplossing ‘eenvoudig’. Als mensen minder eten én meer bewegen, stopt vanzelf de toename van hun gewicht. Slechts in een klein deel (5 procent) van de gevallen zijn overgewicht en obesitas een bijverschijnsel van ziekte Steeds meer levensmiddelenfabrikanten maken gebruik van logo’s op de verpakking, zoals het ‘Ik Kies Bewust-logo’ of het ‘Gezonde Keuze Klavertje’. Dergelijke logo’s helpen consumenten om de gezondere keuze binnen één productgroep te maken. Uniformiteit en wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van de gehanteerde criteria zijn belangrijk. De afgifte van het logo dient op dat punt transparant te zijn
  2. Bos MB, de Vries JH, Wolffenbuttel BH, Verhagen H, Hillege JL, Feskens EJ. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007 Oct 27;151(43):2382-8. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
    Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  3. Bentley-Lewis R, Koruda K, Seely EW. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Oct;3(10):696-704 The metabolic syndrome in women
    The metabolic syndrome is estimated to be present in 47 million US residents with a similar age-adjusted prevalence in men (24%) and women (23%).
  4. Keller KB, Lemberg L. Am J Crit Care. 2003 Mar;12(2):167-70. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome
    The metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, which includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated CRP levels, identifies subjects who have an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Twenty to 25% of the adult population in the United States have the metabolic syndrome, and in some older groups this prevalence approaches 50%.
  5. RIVM Bijna 2,5 miljoen ouderen in 2009
    Op 1 januari 2009 telde Nederland bijna 2,5 miljoen ouderen (personen van 65 jaar en ouder). Daarmee was 15% van de bevolking 65-plusser. Van alle 65-plussers was 26% 80 jaar en ouder. Van alle 65-plussers was ruim 1,0 miljoen man (43%) en 1,4 miljoen vrouw (57%). Hoe hoger de leeftijd, hoe groter het aandeel vrouwen in de bevolking. Van alle 65-plussers was 3% van niet-westers allochtone afkomst
  6. Robert JJ., Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1990 Mar;37(3):143-9., Hyperinsulinism syndromes caused by insulin resistance
    Resistance to insulin consists in a decrease in insulin's biologic action and is manifested mainly by hyperinsulinism.
  7. Bricker LA, Greydanus DE. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2008 Dec;19(3):475-97, The metabolic syndrome: a gathering challenge in a time of abundance
    The metabolic syndrome (also known as dysmetabolic syndrome, MetS, Reaven syndrome, syndrome X, and insulin-resistance syndrome) is a well-recognized and all-too-frequently encountered fact of modern life, with staggering economic consequences.
  8. Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH. Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822. The metabolic syndrome
    The "metabolic syndrome" (MetS) is a clustering of components that reflect overnutrition, sedentary lifestyles, and resultant excess adiposity. The MetS includes the clustering of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure and is associated with other comorbidities including the prothrombotic state, proinflammatory state, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and reproductive disorders.
  9. Shanik MH, Xu Y, Skrha J, Dankner R, Zick Y, Roth J. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31 Suppl 2:S262-8 Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse?
    The condition exists when insulin levels are higher than expected relative to the level of glucose. Thus, insulin resistance is by definition tethered to hyperinsulinemia.
  10. Del Prato S. Presse Med. 1992 Sep 9;21(28):1312-7. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanisms
    A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension.
  11. Vogeser M, König D, Frey I, Predel HG, Parhofer KG, Berg A. Clin Biochem. 2007 Sep;40(13-14):964-8. Epub 2007 Jun 2 Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons.
    HOMA-IR index (homeostasis model of insulin resistance) was calculated as [fasting serum glucose*fasting serum insulin/22.5], with lower values indicating a higher degree of insulin sensitivity. Individual changes in the carbohydrate metabolism achieved by a lifestyle intervention program were displayed by fasting serum insulin concentrations and the HOMA-IR but not by fasting glucose measurement alone.
  12. Geloneze B, Tambascia MA. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Apr;50(2):208-15. Epub 2006 May 23 Laboratorial evaluation and diagnosis of insulin resistance
    HOMA is a mathematical model that predicts IS simply by measuring insulinemia and fasting blood glucose and shows good correlation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method, considered a gold standard in the measurement of IS.
  13. 33 Zimmet PZ. Diabetes Care. 1993 Dec;16 Suppl 3:56-70 Hyperinsulinemia--how innocent a bystander?
    Epidemiological data support a key role for hyperinsulinemia in these disorders but it is far from conclusive except for the fact that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance may be present many years before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM, and clearly play a role in their etiology.
  14. Sharma MD, Garber AJ. Curr Diab Rep. 2009 Oct;9(5):335-41 What is the best treatment for prediabetes?
    Worldwide, along with the increasing prevalence of obesity, the number of people with prediabetes is increasing. The treatment approach is twofold: glycemic control and control of cardiovascular risk factors, mainly hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Intensive lifestyle modification is the mainstay of treatment in low-risk patients.
  15. Fonseca VA. Clin Cornerstone. 2008;9(2):51-9; discussion 60-1. Identification and treatment of prediabetes to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes
    Overt type 2 diabetes is usually preceded by a condition known as prediabetes, which is characterized by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Both IFG and IGT exhibit elevated glucose levels that are not sufficient to be classified as diabetes but that represent the development of insulin resistance. Achieving glycemic control in patients with prediabetes through lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions can effectively prevent or delay the development of diabetes and its associated complications.
  16. Martini LA, Wood RJ. Nutr Rev. 2006 Nov;64(11):479-86 Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome
    The identification of vitamin D receptor expression in different tissues suggests a widespread role for vitamin D action beyond its classical function in bone and mineral metabolism. Recently, the importance of vitamin D status as a risk factor in the development of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of several studies.
  17. Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-5 Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
    The data show a positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms
  18. Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF. Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):573-80 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity
    Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients
  19. Penckofer S, Kouba J, Wallis DE, Emanuele MA. Diabetes Educ. 2008 Nov-Dec;34(6):939-40, 942, 944 passim Vitamin D and diabetes: let the sunshine
    In addition, persons at risk for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have inadequate serum concentrations of vitamin D.
  20. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2017-29 The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism.
  21. Gezondheidsraad 30 september 2008 Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D.
    Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer
  22. Calatayud M, Jódar E, Sánchez R, Guadalix S, Hawkins F. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Apr;56(4):164-9 Prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in a young healthy population
    Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population.
  23. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J; IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20 Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
    Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally.
  24. Foss YJ. Med Hypotheses. 2008 Dec 1 Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity
    Common obesity and the metabolic syndrome may therefore result from an anomalous adaptive winter response. The stimulus for the winter response is proposed to be a fall in vitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D is dependent upon the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet-B range of sunlight.
  25. Hennig B, Meerarani P, Ramadass P, Watkins BA, Toborek M. Metabolism. 2000 Aug;49(8):1006-13 Fatty acid-mediated activation of vascular endothelial cells.
    Furthermore, linoleic acid and other omega-6 fatty acids appear to be the most proinflammatory and possibly atherogenic fatty acids
  26. Viswanathan S, Hammock BD, Newman JW, Meerarani P, Toborek M, Hennig B. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Dec;22(6):502-10 Involvement of CYP 2C9 in mediating the proinflammatory effects of linoleic acid in vascular endothelial cells
    Our data show that CYP 2C9 plays a key role in linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and subsequent proinflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells by possibly causing superoxide generation through uncoupling processes.
  27. Toborek M, Hennig B. Subcell Biochem. 1998;30:415-36 The role of linoleic acid in endothelial cell gene expression. Relationship to atherosclerosis
    There is evidence that linoleic acid plays a critical role in gene expression and vascular function as it relates to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  28. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Apr;20(2 Suppl):97-105 High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis
    Our studies suggest that omega-6 fatty acids, and especially linoleic acid, cause endothelial cell dysfunction most markedly as well as can potentiate TNF-mediated endothelial cell injury. We propose that high-energy diets, and especially diets rich in linoleic acid, are atherogenic by contributing to an imbalance in cellular oxidative stress/antioxidant status of the endothelium, which can lead to activation of oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, inflammatory cytokine production and the expression of adhesion molecules
  29. Fedor D, Kelley DS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Mar;12(2):138-46 Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
    n-3 PUFA supplementation has clinical significance in the prevention and reversal of insulin resistance. However, increased intake of n-3 PUFA should be part of an overall healthy lifestyle that includes weight control, exercise, and reduction in the intake of refined sugars, n-6, saturated, and trans fatty acids.
  30. Ramel A, Martinéz A, Kiely M, Morais G, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I. Diabetologia. 2008 Jul;51(7):1261-8. Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults.
    LC n-3 PUFA consumption during energy reduction exerts positive effects on insulin resistance in young overweight individuals, independently from changes in body weight, triacylglycerol, erythrocyte membrane or adiponectin.
  31. Becel keuken light Voedingswaarde per 100 gram
    meervoudig onverzadigd 29 g - omega-6 (linolzuur) 25 g - omega-3 (alfa-linoleenzuur) 4,5 g
  32. Simopoulos AP. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Nov;60(9):502-7 Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases
    human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects.
  33. Simopoulos AP. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun;233(6):674-88 The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
    Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.
  34. Becel omega 3 plus Voedingswaarde per 100 gram:
    meervoudig onverzadigd waarvan: 21 g - Omega 6 (linolzuur) 16,3 g - Omega-3: 3,75 g, waarvan - EPA + DHA: 750 mg - alfa-linoleenzuur: 3 g
  35. Voedingscentrum Becel Keuken Light van Unilever
    In Becel Keuken Light zitten aanzienlijk minder calorieën en verzadigd vet dan in reguliere vloeibare bak- en braadproducten. Daarnaast levert dit product essentiële vetzuren zoals n-3 vetzuren.
  36. Liga Bisquits Evergreen Appel, Het voedzame en verantwoorde tussendoortje
    Transvet: LIGA EverGreen bevat niet meer dan 1 g transvet per 100 g.
  37. Gezondheid Raad Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie
    Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. De veranderingen in consumptie hebben van 1987 tot 1997 geleid tot een verminderde inname van vitamines (vooral A, E, D en foliumzuur) en mineralen (zoals ijzer).
  38. Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1019-26 Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
    These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk.
  39. Mozaffarian D. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):29-32. Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function
    Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone.
  40. Mozaffarian D, Willett WC. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):486-93 Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: a unique cardiometabolic imprint?
    Prospective observational studies demonstrate strong positive associations between TFA consumption and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.
  41. Chajès V, Thiébaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir GM, Clavel-Chapelon F. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jun 1;167(11):1312-20 Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study
    A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.
  42. Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Jun;5(6):335-44. Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes
    The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in most countries are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA consumption is a modifiable dietary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. TFA consumption causes metabolic dysfunction: it adversely affects circulating lipid levels, triggers systemic inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, according to some studies, increases visceral adiposity, body weight, and insulin resistance.
  43. Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE, Commerford SR. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1200-7. Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids/A>
    These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats.
  44. Osso FS, Moreira AS, Teixeira MT, Pereira RO, Tavares do Carmo MG, Moura AS. Nutrition. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(7-8):727-32. Trans fatty acids in maternal milk lead to cardiac insulin resistance in adult offspring
    Our data suggest that the consumption of hydrogenated fat, rich in TFAs, by the mothers during the lactation period caused cardiac insulin resistance in the adult progeny, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that early adaptations may cause deleterious consequences later in life.
  45. Albuquerque KT, Sardinha FL, Telles MM, Watanabe RL, Nascimento CM, Tavares do Carmo MG, Ribeiro EB. Nutrition. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):820-9 Intake of trans fatty acid-rich hydrogenated fat during pregnancy and lactation inhibits the hypophagic effect of central insulin in the adult offspring
    The data suggest that the early (intrauterine/perinatal) exposure to hydrogenated fat rich in trans fatty acids programmed the hypothalamic feeding control mechanisms. As young adults, only trans-control animals showed loss of insulin-induced hypophagia, indicating that the mismatch between early and later nutritional environments was relevant. However, the trans group also showed signs of altered appetite signaling mechanisms, suggesting that the early adaptations may have deleterious consequences later in life.
  46. Gezondheidsraad Richtlijnen goede voeding 2006
    De hoeveelheid visolie vetzuren in de voeding zal daarentegen aanzienlijk moeten toenemen om te kunnen voldoen aan de voedingsnorm voor deze vetzuren van 450 mg per dag. Deze inname kan worden gerealiseerd door tweemaal per week een portie vis te gebruiken waarvan ten minste eenmaal een portie vette vis.
  47. Voedingscentrum Beoordeling omegabrood
    Levert omegabrood voldoende n-3 lange keten-vetzuren om een wezenlijke bijdrage te leveren aan het beschermende effect? In Nederland zijn er nog geen officiële aanbevelingen voor het gebruik van n-3 vetzuren. Voor mensen die geen vis eten wordt het gebruik van 200 mg n-3 lange keten-vetzuren per dag geadviseerd.
  48. Wat is O'megabrood? O'mega is een verrukkelijk broodje met Omega-3 vetzuren.
    De voedingswaarde per 100 gram: EPA & DHA (Omega 3) 67,5 mg, voedingsvezels 3,7mg
  49. Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
    Volkoren én variatie leveren veel voedingsvezel! Zes sneetjes witbrood leveren samen 5 gram voedingsvezels, terwijl je met 6 sneetjes volkorenbrood wel 14 gram vezels binnen krijgt.
  50. Voedingscentrum Ik kies bewust
    Om het logo te voeren moet een product aan heldere, wetenschappelijk onderbouwde criteria voldoen. Daartoe heeft de Stichting ‘Ik kies bewust’ een onafhankelijke wetenschappelijke commissie opgericht. Deze stelt de criteria vast op grond waarvan producten in aanmerking kunnen komen voor het ‘Ik kies bewust’-logo.
  51. Liu S. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Aug;21(4):298-306 Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease
    These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases.
  52. Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Feb;62(1):143-9 Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes
    Intake of wholegrain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21-27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30-36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile.
  53. sensitivity: evidence from observational studies
    Observational studies have found that diets rich in whole-grain foods are associated with improved insulin sensitivity. The improved insulin sensitivity may be mediated in part by magnesium and dietary fiber, two nutrients found in whole-grain foods. By incorporating whole-grain foods into the diet, therefore, insulin sensitivity might be improved
  54. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D'Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):965-71 Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
    Higher intakes of whole grains were associated with increases in insulin sensitivity
  55. Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN  90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
    Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.
  56. 2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemeten Gezonde voeding en veilig voedsel in Nederland
    Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding
  57. Nieuwe richtlijn vezelconsumptie
    Met een gerichte aandacht voor de consumptie van voedingsvezels wil ik bereiken dat in 2010 minimaal 20% van de Nederlanders voldoet aan de richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie.
  58. Blue Band halvarine, De beste basis voor op brood
    Omega-3 1,6g omega-6 11g transvet 1g per 100gram
  59. Voedingscentrum Gedragscode van de Stichting Voedingscentrum Nederland betreffende de samenwerking met externe partijen
    De samenwerkingspartner respecteert nationale- en internationale regelgeving. Het Voedingscentrum werkt alleen samen met partijen die integer en betrouwbaar zijn en niet misleidend
  60. Gb Plange Introductieactie Gb Plange: Scoren met VollerKoren
    In VollerKoren zit liefst 35% meer voedingsvezels dan in gewoon volkoren brood. VollerKoren is iets donkerder en voller van smaak dan volkorenbrood.
  61. Sathyapalan T, Mellor D, Atkin SL. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Oct 27. Obesity and gestational diabetes
    GDM affects about 7% of all pregnancies and is defined as any degree of impaired glucose tolerance during gestation.
  62. Serlin DC, Lash RW. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jul 1;80(1):57-62 Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus
    Gestational diabetes occurs in 5 to 9 percent of pregnancies in the United States and is growing in prevalence.
  63. Kaaja R, Rönnemaa T. Rev Diabet Stud. 2008 Winter;5(4):194-202. Gestational diabetes: pathogenesis and consequences to mother and offspring
    Data from Western countries suggest that the prevalence of GDM is increasing, being almost 10% of pregnancies and probably reflecting the global obesity epidemic. The majority of women with GDM seem to have beta-cell dysfunction that appears on a background of chronic insulin resistance already present before pregnancy. Because the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is restricted to high risk individuals, 40% of GDM cases are left undiagnosed. After delivery, women with GDM and their offspring have an increased risk for developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Thus, pregnancy may act as a "stress test", revealing a woman's predisposition to T2D and providing opportunities for focused prevention of important chronic diseases.
  64. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996 Feb;15(1):14-20 Vitamin and mineral deficiencies which may predispose to glucose intolerance of pregnancy
    Gestational diabetes is associated with excessive nutrient losses due to glycosuria. Specific nutrient deficiencies of chromium, magnesium, potassium and pyridoxine may potentiate the tendency towards hyperglycemia in gestational diabetic women because each of these four deficiencies causes impairment of pancreatic insulin production
  65. Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ, Bakker SJ, Houweling ST., Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004 Jan 31;148(5):217-20., Chromium and insulin resistance
    Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance
  66. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009 Jul 24. Implications of Magnesium Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review
    Chronic magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of insulin resistance. The present review discusses the implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes.
  67. Anderson RA. Clin Physiol Biochem. 1986;4(1):31-41. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man
    Insufficient dietary Cr has been linked to maturity-onset diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The dietary Cr intake of most individuals is considerably less than the suggested safe and adequate intake. Consumption of refined foods, including simple sugars, exacerbates the problem of insufficient dietary Cr since these foods are not only low in dietary Cr but also enhance additional Cr losses. Chromium losses are also increased due to pregnancy, strenuous exercise, infection, physical trauma and other forms of stress
  68. Kumpulainen JT. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:9-18 Chromium content of foods and diets.
    In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland.
  69. Van Cauwenbergh R, Hendrix P, Robberecht H, Deelstra HA. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1996 Sep;203(3):203-6 Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling.
    Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium has been evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, heating them at an acidic pH in a microwave oven and then quantifying the chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (53 +/- 31 micrograms/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.
  70. Preuss HG, Anderson RA. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1998 Nov;1(6):509-12 Chromium update: examining recent literature 1997-1998
    adequate daily dietary intake, which is set at 50-200 micrograms per day. Insufficient chromium intake is associated with signs and symptoms similar to those seen in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
  71. Anderson RA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 Pt 2):S35-41 Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans
    Chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. Normal dietary intake of Cr for humans is suboptimal. The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for Cr is 50 to 200 microg. However, most diets contain less than 60% of the minimum suggested intake of 50 microg. Insufficient dietary intake of Cr leads to signs and symptoms that are similar to those observed for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Supplemental Cr given to people with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes leads to improved blood glucose, insulin, and lipid variables.
  72. Rylander R. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996 Feb;3(1):4-10. Environmental magnesium deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor.
    Through changes in the treatment of foodstuffs and altered diets, as well as increased use of surface water with low magnesium content, magnesium deficiency is present in modern society. Magnesium deficiency causes cardiac arrhythmia and several studies suggest that a low level of magnesium in drinking water is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, particularly among men. Before general prevention programmes can be recommended, risk groups must be defined and experimental intervention programmes performed.
  73. Abdulla M, Behbehani A, Dashti H. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1989 Jul-Sep;21:173-8 Dietary intake and bioavailability of trace elements
    The results indicate that the intake of potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and selenium is low when compared with the present recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values.
  74. Marier JR. Magnesium. 1986;5(1):1-8 Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world
    A large-scale US survey has shown that the dietary magnesium intake tends to be lower than recommended. The suboptimal intake prevalent among US adults is consistent with the pattern observed in other North American and European surveys.
  75. Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Liu S., Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 May;15(5):1139-46., Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults
    of the metabolic syndrome add to the evidence that adequate magnesium intake or a diet rich in magnesium may be important for maintaining good cardiometabolic health.
  76. Damm P. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Mar;104 Suppl 1:S25-6 Future risk of diabetes in mother and child after gestational diabetes mellitus
    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. However, significant long-term morbidity also exists for the mother and offspring. Women with previous GDM have a very high risk of developing overt diabetes, primarily type 2 diabetes, later in life. Moreover, the risk of the metabolic syndrome is increased 3-fold in these women. Their offspring have an 8-fold risk of diabetes/prediabetes at 19-27 years of age. Thus, GDM is part of a vicious circle which increases the development of diabetes in the coming generations
  77. Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, Damm P. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):340-6. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia
    A hyperglycemic intrauterine environment appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes in adult offspring of primarily Caucasian women with either diet-treated GDM or type 1 diabetes during pregnancy.
  78. Sobngwi E, Boudou P, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Leblanc H, Velho G, Vexiau P, Porcher R, Hadjadj S, Pratley R, Tataranni PA, Calvo F, Gautier JF. Lancet. 2003 May 31;361(9372):1861-5 Effect of a diabetic environment in utero on predisposition to type 2 diabetes
    Exposure to a diabetic environment in utero is associated with increased occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance and a defective insulin secretory response in adult offspring, independent of genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes.
  79. Wroblewska-Seniuk K, Wender-Ozegowska E, Szczapa J. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Nov;10(7):432-40. Long-term effects of diabetes during pregnancy on the offspring
    Children born to mothers with gestational diabetes seem to be at risk for obesity and metabolic disturbances.
  80. Fetita LS, Sobngwi E, Serradas P, Calvo F, Gautier JF. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3718-24 Consequences of fetal exposure to maternal diabetes in offspring
    Thus, fetal exposure to maternal diabetes may contribute to the worldwide diabetes epidemic. Public health interventions targeting high-risk populations should focus on long-term follow-up of subjects who have been exposed in utero to a diabetic environment and on a better glycemic control during pregnancy.
  81. Scientific American, You have to eat everything on your plate (Movie)
  82. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E, Barnert D, Grunert V, von Voss H. BMJ. 1999 Jul 17;319(7203):147-50 Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study
    In industrialised countries promoting prolonged breast feeding may help decrease the prevalence of obesity in childhood. Since obese children have a high risk of becoming obese adults, such preventive measures may eventually result in a reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases related to obesity.
  83. Arenz S, Rückerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1247-56 Breast-feeding and childhood obesity--a systematic review
    Breast-feeding seems to have a small but consistent protective effect against obesity in children.
  84. de Armas MG, Megías SM, Modino SC, Bolaños PI, Guardiola PD, Alvarez TM. Importance of breastfeeding in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and degree of childhood obesity Breast feeding for at least 3 months was associated with lower levels of obesity, smaller waist
    Breast feeding for at least 3 months was associated with lower levels of obesity, smaller waist circumference and fewer complications related to metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Sixty-four percent of children with complete metabolic syndrome had received artificial feeding. Further studies are needed to ascertain the impact of breastfeeding on the development of obesity and cardiometabolic risk.
  85. Simon VG, Souza JM, Souza SB. Rev Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):60-9. Breastfeeding, complementary feeding, overweight and obesity in pre-school children
    Results suggest that breastfeeding can protect children against overweight and obesity, thus representing yet another advantage of maternal milk.
  86. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2000;478:29-39 Does breast-feeding protect against childhood obesity?
    The potential relevance of different components of human milk for the observed reduction in the risk for overweight and obesity is discussed. The preventive effect of breast-feeding on overweight and obesity is an important additional argument for the promotion of breast-feeding in industrialised countries.
  87. Singhal A. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:15-25Does breastfeeding protect from growth acceleration and later obesity?
    Nutrition in infancy has been suggested to have a major influence or program the long-term tendency to obesity. Breastfeeding, in particular, appears to protect against the development of later obesity, a conclusion supported by data from four systematic reviews and evidence that a longer duration of breastfeeding has greater protective effects. The size of the effect (up to a 20% reduction in obesity risk) although modest has important implications for public health.
  88. Koubaa AA, Abed NB, Cheikhrouhou H, Dahmen H, Askri M, Ouerfelli N, Hasni K. Tunis Med. 2008 Jan;86(1):38-42. Protective effect of breast feeding in childhood obesity
    Promotion of the breast-feeding and information on its methods and its control are a public health priority, it protects the child and his mother from certain diseases and prevents from childhood obesity. OMS recommends an exclusive breast feeding until the 6 months age, and to continue if possible until the 2 years.
  89. Binns C, Lee MK, Oddy W. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2003;15 Suppl:S22-6 Breastfeeding and the prevention of obesity
    Obesity will be the greatest challenge for nutrition and is probably the greatest overall challenge to public health facing us in the next few decades. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and the impact on wellbeing and mortality is well documented. Breastfeeding exclusively to six months of age is the most appropriate way to feed infants. A review of the international literature and an analysis of Australian data support the hypothesis that breastfeeding reduces the prevalence of obesity. Breastfeeding promotion should become a part of public health programmes for the prevention of obesity.
  90. RIVM Wat zijn de mogelijke gezondheidsgevolgen van borstvoeding?
    Borstvoeding is de beste voeding als het gaat om de gezondheid van de baby. Ook voor de moeder zijn er positieve gezondheidseffecten als zij borstvoeding geeft. Bij kinderen die zes maanden uitsluitend borstvoeding kregen, komt overgewicht (tussen 3 en 10 jaar) en hoge bloeddruk minder vaak voor.
  91. RIVM Voeding van zuigelingen en peuters
    In april 2006 heeft de WHO nieuwe internationaal toepasbare groeistandaarden voor zuigelingen en jonge kinderen gepubliceerd. Voor het vaststellen van deze groeistandaarden is het uitgangspunt dat borstvoeding de norm is en dat het kind dat borstvoeding krijgt de standaard is voor het meten van een gezonde groei. Bij de invoering van het elektronisch kinddossier JGZ worden deze standaarden zo snel mogelijk voor de Nederlandse situatie geïmplementeerd. Een afvlakking van de curve van een borstgevoed kind rond de leeftijd van drie à vier maanden hoeft dus op zich geen aanleiding te vormen voor specifieke maatregelen, zoals vroeger starten met vaste voeding of aanvulling met kunstvoeding
  92. The WHO Child Growth Standards
    The following documents describe the sample and methods used to construct the standards and present the final charts.
  93. RIVM Ruim 80% begint met borstvoeden maar groot deel stopt ook weer snel
    Ruim 80% van de moeders begint direct na de geboorte met het geven van borstvoeding. De kans dat een hoogopgeleide vrouw start met het geven van borstvoeding is groter dan die van een laagopgeleide vrouw. Het percentage zuigelingen dat op de leeftijd van drie maanden echter nog steeds uitsluitend borstvoeding krijgt, is veel lager (30%). In nog sterkere mate geldt dit voor het percentage zuigelingen van vijf maanden (23%). Wel lijkt het er op dat het percentage zuigelingen dat uitsluitend borstvoeding krijgt op de eerste dag, na drie maanden en na zes maanden, de laatste jaren iets is gestegen. In vergelijking met de rest van Europa geven in Nederland relatief weinig moeders borstvoeding
  94. Daniels SR. Future Child. 2006 Spring;16(1):47-67 The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity
    Daniels notes that the possibility has even been raised that the increasing prevalence and severity of childhood obesity may reverse the modern era's steady increase in life expectancy, with today's youth on average living less healthy and ultimately shorter lives than their parents-the first such reversal in lifespan in modern history. Such a possibility, he concludes, makes obesity in children an issue of utmost public health concern
  95. Mackenbach JP. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Nov 12;149(46):2550-3 On Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper and other remarkable developments in the life expectancy of the Dutch population
    Based on an extrapolation of recent trends in cause-specific mortality, Netherlands Statistics predicts an increase in life expectancy of 2 to 3 years in the half-century between 2004 and 2050. Experts are deeply divided about the prospects for further increases in life expectancy. Some have argued that such estimates are too optimistic because, for example, the obesity epidemic might even reduce average life expectancy in the future
  96. Blacklow RS. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1560S-2S. Actuarially speaking: an overview of life expectancy. What can we anticipate?
    Predictions for the continuing lengthening of the life span of the class of 2005 and succeeding classes may be jeopardized by the alarming increase in obesity, which worsens the incidence of cardiovascular disorders and cancer, the 2 leading causes of death at this time, as well as of diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and other categories of disease.
  97. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. JAMA. 2003 Jan 8;289(2):187-93. Years of life lost due to obesity
    Obesity appears to lessen life expectancy markedly, especially among younger adults.
  98. Voedingscentrum Functionele voedingsmiddelen met een bewezen gezondheidseffect
    O'mega brood met visvetzuren Kan bijdragen aan de verlaging van fatale coronaire hartziekten**, in het bijzonder voor mensen die minder dan één maal per week (vette) vis eten.
  99. Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia A. Diabet Med. 2009 Jan;26(1):19-27. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men
    The trial indicates that vitamin D(3) supplementation improves postprandial insulin sensitivity (OGIS) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance (centrally obese but non-diabetic).
  100. Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ. Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2619-25 Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000
    This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation.
  101. Teegarden D, Donkin SS. Nutr Res Rev. 2009 Jun;22(1):82-92 Vitamin D: emerging new roles in insulin sensitivity
    Thus, substantial evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms require further exploration.
  102. Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):27-32. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy
    These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance
  103. Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753 Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
    Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM.
  104. Lapillonne A. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jan;74(1):71-5 Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes
     It appears that vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is potentially associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental data also anticipate that vitamin D sufficiency is critical for fetal development, and especially for fetal brain development and immunological functions. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may, therefore, not only impair maternal skeletal preservation and fetal skeletal formation but also be vital to the fetal "imprinting" that may affect chronic disease susceptibility soon after birth as well as later in life.
  105. Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Br J Nutr. 2009 Sep;102(6):876-81 Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study
    Given the potential consequences of hypovitaminosis D on health outcomes, vitamin D supplementation, perhaps at higher doses than currently available, is needed to improve maternal vitamin D nutriture.
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