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Volgens mijn huisarts ben ik helemaal gezond

  1. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
    Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  2. Definition of Metabolic Syndrome
    Many investigators place a greater priority on insulin resistance than on obesity in pathogenesis. They argue that insulin resistance, or its accomplice, hyperinsulinemia, directly causes other metabolic risk factors
  3. Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons
    HOMA-IR index (homeostasis model of insulin resistance) was calculated as [fasting serum glucose*fasting serum insulin/22.5], with lower values indicating a higher degree of insulin sensitivity. Individual changes in the carbohydrate metabolism achieved by a lifestyle intervention program were displayed by fasting serum insulin concentrations and the HOMA-IR but not by fasting glucose measurement alone
  4. Laboratorial evaluation and diagnosis of insulin resistance
    HOMA is a mathematical model that predicts IS simply by measuring insulinemia and fasting blood glucose and shows good correlation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method, considered a gold standard in the measurement of IS
  5. Serotonin, carbohydrates, and atypical depression
    At least three categories of atypical depression have been described. The hysteroid dysphoria is characterized by repeated episodes of depressed mood in response to feeling rejected, and a craving for sweets and chocolate. Two other issues are characterized by a cyclical occurrence of changes of mood and appetite, i.e., the late the premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and the major depression with seasonal pattern or seasonal affective disorder (SAD
  6. Depression and weight gain: the serotonin connection.
    Many individuals who fail to maintain a normal weight may be susceptible to daily, monthly or seasonal perturbations in mood which result in an excessive intake of carbohydrate-rich foods and resistance to engaging in physical activity. Brain serotonin appears to be involved in these disturbances of mood and appetite
  7. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study
    Massachusetts Male Aging Study, a population-based cross-sectional survey of men aged 39-70 yr conducted in 1986-89. Free testosterone declined by 1.2%/yr, and albumin-bound testosterone by 1.0%/yr. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), the major serum carrier of testosterone, increased by 1.2%/yr, with the net effect that total serum testosterone declined more slowly (0.4%/yr) than the free or albumin-bound pools alone
  8. Efficacy and safety of hormonal therapy with androgens (androgel) in men with erectile dysfunction, partial androgen deficiency of aging male and cardiovascular diseases
    Partial androgen deficiency of aging male (PADAM) manifests with sexual dysfunction and is associated with many diseases, primarily, cardiovascular. After the age of 30-40 a testosterone level falls 1-2% a year. The number of men with testosterone deficiency grows from 8% in 40-60-year-olds to 85% at the age over 80 years
  9. Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) determinations: techniques and value in the assessment of thyroid function
    To be able to correctly interpret the results of an assay, it is necessary to assess its performance in biologically and clinically well-characterised serum samples. FT4, and FT3 measurements, if FT4 is normal and hyperthyroidism suspected, are used to confirm and assess the level of hypo and hyperthyroidism (overt or subclinical). When the thyroidal status is unstable (first months of a thyroid treatment, altered L-T4 dose, subacute thyroiditis) or when the hypothalamic-pituitary function is disturbed (central hypothyroidism), TSH determination is diagnostically misleading and only free hormone measurements are reliable for thyroid function assessment
  10. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome
    Metabolic syndrome (MS), defined as central obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, has been associated with inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular diseases
  11. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse?
    The condition exists when insulin levels are higher than expected relative to the level of glucose. Thus, insulin resistance is by definition tethered to hyperinsulinemia

Lichamelijke oorzaken van overgewicht

  1. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
    Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  2. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome
    The metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, which includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated CRP levels, identifies subjects who have an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Twenty to 25% of the adult population in the United States have the metabolic syndrome, and in some older groups this prevalence approaches 50%.
  3. Hypothyroidism: a comprehensive review
    Hypothyroidism is a common clinical entity encountered frequently in most adult primary care settings. The reported prevalence in the general population is approximately 3% in men, but as high as 10% in women
  4. Hypothyroidism in the elderly: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment
    Some degree of hypothyroidism is common in the elderly. It affects 5-20% of women and 3-8% of men
  5. Thyroid hormone replacement for subclinical hypothyroidism
    Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with normal free thyroid hormones values. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is 4% to 8% in the general population, and up to 15% to 18% in women who are over 60 years of age
  6. New echocardiographic techniques in the evaluation of left ventricular mechanics in subclinical thyroid dysfunction
    Subclinical thyroid dysfunction (STD), both in its hypo- and hyperthyroidism form, has a relatively high prevalence in general population (9-15% with a lower percentage of adult males), hence it could be very useful to study more deeply heart involvement in these physiopathological conditions and understand the complex relationship between thyroid and heart.
  7. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly
    There is an age-related increase in total body fat and visceral adiposity until age 65 years that often is accompanied by diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases progressively with age, peaking at 16.5% in men and 12.8% in women at age 75-84 years. Over age 65, diabetes or glucose intolerance was present in 30%-40% of Framingham Study subjects. There has been an alarming increase, of epidemic proportions, in both obesity and diabetes in the general population
  8. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study
    Cross-sectional data suggest that obesity, particularly central obesity, may be associated with decreased production of sex steroid hormones in men. Nine hundred forty-two (942) men in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study with complete anthropometry and hormone data at baseline (1987-1989, ages 40-70) and follow-up (1995-1997). Obesity may predict greater decline in testosterone and SHBG levels with age. Central adiposity may be a more important predictor of decline in DHEAS than is body mass index
  9. Lower serum testosterone is independently associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetic older men: the Health In Men Study
    Insulin resistance is associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, representing a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This relationship may be modulated to some extent by age-related changes in sex hormone status. In older men, lower total testosterone is associated with insulin resistance independently of measures of central obesity. This association is seen with testosterone levels in the low to normal range
  10. Menopause and the metabolic syndrome: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
    Cross-sectional studies suggest that prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases from premenopause to postmenopause in women, independent of age. As testosterone progressively dominates the hormonal milieu during the menopausal transition, the prevalence of MetS increases, independent of aging and other important covariates. This may be a pathway by which cardiovascular disease increases during menopause
  11. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones
    MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM women, beginning a few years prior to menopause.

Koolhydraatverslaving

  1. Carbohydrate cravings: a disorder of food intake and mood
    Current findings on the relationship between excessive appetite for carbohydrate-rich foods and mood disorders may explain repetitive weight gain or the inability to lose weight among some obese individuals. Obese individuals who crave carbohydrates, exhibit positive changes in mood after carbohydrate intake Brain serotonin may be involved in these disorders of affect and appetite; thus therapies that mimic the effect of carbohydrate intake on the synthesis and release of this neurotransmitter may be useful in treating obesity arising from these causes
  2. Depression and weight gain: the serotonin connectio
    Many individuals who fail to maintain a normal weight may be susceptible to daily, monthly or seasonal perturbations in mood which result in an excessive intake of carbohydrate-rich foods and resistance to engaging in physical activity. Brain serotonin appears to be involved in these disturbances of mood and appetite
  3. Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals
    Moreover, noncarbohydrate cravers experienced an increase in depression, while carbohydrate cravers reported feeling less depressed. Findings suggest that snacking habits of obese individuals may be related to subsequent mood states
  4. The involvement of brain serotonin in excessive carbohydrate snacking by obese carbohydrate cravers
    subgroup of obese individuals who consume carbohydrate-rich snack foods at specific times of day or evening has been identified. Such individuals do not routinely snack on protein-rich foods, and their consumption of calories and nutrients at meals is not excessive. Evidence is presented that carbohydrate snacking seems to be related to a "need" to increase the level of brain serotonin
  5. Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood
    The brain neurotransmitter, serotonin, seems to be involved in the abnormal regulation of mood and food intake that underlies diet failures or weight gain in individuals who suffer from carbohydrate craving obesity (CCO), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
  6. Food craving, dietary restraint and mood
    Food deprivation does not appear to be a necessary condition for food cravings to occur. Rather, food cravings are closely associated with mood, in particular as an antecedent to craving and also as a consequence of craving
  7. Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression
    Carbohydrate consumption--acting via insulin secretion and the "plasma tryptophan ratio"--increases serotonin release; protein intake lacks this effect. Hence many patients learn to overeat carbohydrates (particularly snack foods, like potato chips or pastries, which are rich in carbohydrates and fats) to make themselves feel better. This tendency to use certain foods as though they were drugs is a frequent cause of weight gain, and can also be seen in patients who become fat when exposed to stress, or in women with premenstrual syndrome, or in patients with "winter depression," or in people who are attempting to give up smoking. Nicotine, like dietary carbohydrates, increases brain serotonin secretion; nicotine withdrawal has the opposite effect.
  8. Seasonal affective disorders
    The most recognized form of seasonal affective disorder, "winter depression," is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, hypersomnia, augmented appetite with carbohydrate craving, and weight gain that begin in the autumn and continue through the winter months
  9. Epidemiology, etiology, and natural treatment of seasonal affective disorder
    There is much more seasonal difference in higher latitudes than in lower latitudes. In a significant portion of the population of the northern United States, the shorter days of fall and winter precipitate a syndrome that can consist of depression, fatigue, hypersomnolence, hyperphagia, carbohydrate craving, weight gain, and loss of libido
  10. Menstrual cycle and appetite control: implications for weight regulation
    Hormonal fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle influence appetite control and eating behaviour. Energy intake varies during the reproductive cycle in humans and animals, with a periovulatory nadir and a luteal phase peak. Patterns of macronutrient selection show less consistency but a number of studies report carbohydrate cravings in the premenstrual phase, particularly in women with premenstrual syndrome
  11. Decreased serotonin function in bulimia nervosa
    Our study provides new evidence that impaired central nervous system serotonergic responsiveness may contribute to the onset or maintenance of abnormal eating patterns in patients with bulimia nervosa
  12. Serotonin, carbohydrates, and atypical depression
    At least three categories of atypical depression have been described. The hysteroid dysphoria is characterized by repeated episodes of depressed mood in response to feeling rejected, and a craving for sweets and chocolate. Two other issues are characterized by a cyclical occurrence of changes of mood and appetite, i.e., the late the premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and the major depression with seasonal pattern or seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
  13. Does carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor food prevent a deterioration of mood and cognitive performance of stress-prone subjects when subjected to a stressful task?
    During the CR/PP diet only the HS subjects did not show the stress-induced rise in depression, decline in vigour and cortisol elevation that they showed after the PR/CP diet. With respect to cognitive performance, significant dietary effects were found on reaction time. It is suggested that CR/PP food in HS subjects may increase personal control, probably under the influence of higher levels of brain tryptophan and serotonin

Hyperinsulinemie

  1. Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome, 2002
    National survey data suggest the metabolic syndrome is very common, affecting about 24% of US adults who are 20 to 70 years of age and older
  2. Metabolic syndrome, or What you will: definitions and epidemiology
    Only about 30% of people could be given the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome using most definitions, and about 35-40% of people diagnosed with metabolic syndrome are only classified as such using one definition
  3. Hyperinsulinism syndromes caused by insulin resistance
    Resistance to insulin consists in a decrease in insulin's biologic action and is manifested mainly by hyperinsulinism
  4. Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity: are both potential therapeutic targets for tackling the metabolic syndrome?
    The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of co-morbidities that include central adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which results from an elevated prevalence of obesity
  5. Metabolic syndrome and adipose tissue: new clinical aspects and therapeutic targets
    A number of clinical studies have demonstrated the importance of fat distribution and especially the contribution of visceral fat accumulation to the development of metabolic disorders
  6. Influence of body fat content and distribution on variation in metabolic risk
    Both waist circumference and BMI significantly predicted risk factors after adjustment for total body fat, and for clinical purposes, most of the predictive power for men was contained in waist circumference, whereas for women, BMI and waist circumference were similarly predictive
  7. Wikipedia Insuline
    Het hormoon stimuleert: Synthese van vetzuren
  8. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases
    When beta-cells fail to secrete the excess insulin needed, diabetes mellitus type 2 emerges, which is, besides coronary heart disease, the main complication of insulin resistance and associated diseases
  9. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome
    The metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity, which includes insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated CRP levels, identifies subjects who have an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Twenty to 25% of the adult population in the United States have the metabolic syndrome, and in some older groups this prevalence approaches 50%.
  10. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones
    MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM women, beginning a few years prior to menopause
  11. Insulin resistance in children and adolescents
    Studies have shown that there are a number of important risk factors for IR in children, including adiposity and visceral adiposity, race/ethnicity, puberty, a family history of type 2 diabetes, sex, and being small for gestational age or prematurity
  12. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lipogenesis
    Lipogenesis is the process by which simple sugars such as glucose are converted to fatty acids. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis in three main ways
  13. Epidemiology of childhood type 2 diabetes and obesity
    In utero exposure to hyperglycemia now appears to be an additional risk factor to having a family history of diabetes
  14. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
    Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus
  15. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome
    Metabolic syndrome (MS), defined as central obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, has been associated with inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular diseases
  16. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse?
    The condition exists when insulin levels are higher than expected relative to the level of glucose. Thus, insulin resistance is by definition tethered to hyperinsulinemia
  17. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanisms
    A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension
  18. The metabolic syndrome in women
    The metabolic syndrome is estimated to be present in 47 million US residents with a similar age-adjusted prevalence in men (24%) and women (23%).

Schildklierproblemen

  1. Hypothyroidism: common complaints, perplexing diagnosis
    The disease affects every major organ system and metabolic process. The diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism can be perplexing to the clinician because of its insidious onset and wide array of nonspecific manifestations. Complaints of fatigue, muscle weakness, lethargy, and weight gain are often at first attributed to emotional or other health problems. Additionally, patients may not seek medical care because they are unaware that they are ill.
  2. Diagnosing and treating hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder affecting 1.4% to 2.0% of women and 0.1% to 0.2% of men. The prevalence of both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism increases with age, affecting 5% to 10% of women over age 50 and 1.25% of men over age 60, with an increasing incidence in women ages 40 to 50. Typical symptoms are consistent with declining metabolic functions and range from vague complaints of fatigue in subclinical deficiency to overt clinical symptoms involving changes in mentation and memory, lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and goitrous enlargement of the thyroid gland
  3. Hypothyroidism in the pregnant woman
    Around another 2.5% of pregnant women have subclinical ('compensated') hypothyroidism, which is defined as a raised plasma TSH concentration with a normal free T4 concentration
  4. Hypothyroidism and women's health
    Hypothyroidism affects 4% to 10% of women, increasing with age. Symptoms, which are often nonspecific and subtle, can include: lethargy, mild weight gain, edema, cold intolerance, constipation, mental impairment, dry skin, depression, irregular menses, hoarseness, myalgias, hyperlipidemia, and bradycardia. Because estrogen increases levels of thyroid binding globulin, women who are on HRT or OCs, or are pregnant, usually have total T4 levels above the reference range
  5. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid
    Amiodarone is a benzofuranic-derivative iodine-rich drug widely used for the treatment of tachyarrhythmias and, to a lesser extent, of ischemic heart disease. It often causes changes in thyroid function tests (typically an increase in serum T(4) and rT(3), and a decrease in serum T(3), concentrations), mainly related to the inhibition of 5'-deiodinase activity, resulting in a decrease in the generation of T(3) from T(4) and a decrease in the clearance of rT(3). In 14-18% of amiodarone-treated patients, there is overt thyroid dysfunction, either amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) or amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH).
  6. Screening for thyroid disease in pregnancy
    Although gestational hyperthyroidism is uncommon (0.2%), hypothyroidism (autoimmune disease or suboptimal iodine intake) occurs in 2.5% of women and is predictive of reduced neonatal and child neuropsychological development and maternal obstetric complications. T4 supply is crucial to fetal nervous system maturation; currently, the recommended daily iodine intake is 200 microg, and this is not always achieved, even in the UK
  7. Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood
    Fetal brain development depends on T4 transport into the fetus which in turn depends on sufficient maternal iodine supply. There is current concern that adequate iodisation is not present in large parts of Europe. There is increasing evidence that thyroid autoimmunity is associated with fetal loss but the mechanism is unclear and therapy requires carefully conducted studies
  8. Lithium: a review of its metabolic adverse effectsTreatment with lithium has long been recognized to be associated with metabolic adverse effects notably hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, weight gain and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  9. Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis
    Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT), characterized by transient hyperthyroidism and transient hypothyroidism, occurs in 5-9% of women. It is accompanied by the presence of circulating antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) which have been associated with an increase in depressive symptomatology compared with TPOAb-negative women. There was a 70% chance of developing recurrent PPT after a first attack, and a 25% risk even in women who were only anti-TPO positive without thyroid dysfunction during the first postpartum period. The recurrence of postpartum depression was not related to thyroid function. Patients noted to have thyroid dysfunction or just to be euthyroid but anti-TPO positive after pregnancy should be assessed carefully after a subsequent pregnancy
  10. Relationship between resting metabolism and hepatic metabolism: effect of hypothyroidism and 24 hours fasting
    The results show that hypothyroidism induces a significant decrease in RMR
  11. Broda Otto Barnes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Perhaps Barnes' most celebrated accomplishment was the invention of a diagnostic test for thyroid function, now known as the "Barnes Basal Temperature Test". This test is performed by placing a thermometer in the armpit for 10 minutes immediately upon waking. A measurement of 97.8F (36.6C) or below was considered by him to be highly indicative of hypothyroidism, especially when hypothyroid symptoms are present. A reading over 98.2F (36.8C) was indicative of hyperthyroidism. (Menstruating women must take this test on day 2-4 their cycle; When using a digital thermometer, the button must be pressed at the 10 minute mark

Verminderd verzadigingsgevoel

  1. Preventing or improving obesity by addressing specific eating patterns
    Weight is a product of energy balance: energy intake versus energy expenditure
  2. Voedingsmiddeltabel
    Wat verbrandt u eigenlijk in dat half uurtje per dag? In onderstaande tabel staat weergegeven hoeveel calorieën u bij verschillende activiteiten per half uur verbrandt
  3. Minireview: A Hypothalamic Role in Energy Balance with Special Emphasis on Leptin
    Proper signaling in the hypothalamus by leptin, a long-sought peripheral factor that relays the status of fat stores, is critical to normal regulation of food intake and body weight
  4. Brain-gut axis and its role in the control of food intake
    Food intake depends upon various influences from the CNS as well as from the body energy stores (adipocytes) that express and release the product of Ob gene, leptin, in proportion to fat stored and acting in long-term regulation of food intake. In addition, to this long-term regulation, a short-term regulation, on meal-to-meal basis, is secured by several gut hormones
  5. Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus: emphasis on energy homeostasis and leptin resistance
    Leptin, the long-sought satiety factor of adipocytes origin, has emerged as one of the major signals that relay the status of fat stores to the hypothalamus and plays a significant role in energy homeostasis. It is now established that central leptin resistance contributes to the development of diet-induced obesity and ageing associated obesity.
  6. Elevated leptin: consequence or cause of obesity?
    Once leptin resistance takes hold, each subsequent exposure to high-density food faces diminished counter-regulatory responses, leading to exacerbated weight gain
  7. Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite
    Many gut peptides have been shown to influence energy intake. The most well studied in this regard are cholecystokinin (CCK), pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin and ghrelin. With the exception of ghrelin, these hormones act to increase satiety and decrease food intake. Local effects such as the inhibition of gastric emptying might contribute to the decrease in energy intake. Circulating gut hormones have also been shown to act directly on neurons in hypothalamic and brainstem centres of appetite control. In this way, hormonal signals from the gut may be translated into the subjective sensation of satie
  8. Appetite regulation and energy balance
    Thirty minutes after the start of eating, satiety signals arise from the intestinal tract and, in between meals, from the adipose tissue and liver. Satiety signals are sedative and arrest the processing of food in the intestine, hence leading to termination of eating
  9. The hypothalamus, hormones, and hunger: alterations in human obesity and illness
    While obese subjects have appropriate reductions in orexigenic ghrelin, other gut-hormone disturbances may contribute to obesity such as reduced anorexigenic PYY and PP
  10. The role of leptin receptor signaling in feeding and neuroendocrine function
    The adipose-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance and neuroendocrine function, and resistance to its appetite-suppressing effects might underlie common forms of obesity
  11. Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance
    The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance and neuroendocrine function. Resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin is associated with common forms of obesity

Verlaagde verbranding

  1. Progress in understanding the genetics of obesity
    Progress in understanding the genetics of obesity has moved rapidly in the past few years. The genes for all of the single gene defects that produce obesity in experimental animals have now been cloned. The new insights from these models are one spur for the examination of possible links to human obesity
  2. Unraveling the genetics of human obesity
    Finally, the application of comprehensive profiling technologies coupled with creative statistical analyses has revealed that interactions between genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the common obesity currently challenging many Westernized societies
  3. Pathophysiology and genetics of obesity
    A large proportion of the risk of obesity is determined by the genetic susceptibility of an individual, but environmental factors conducive for the disorder play an important role in its phenotypic expression
  4. Genetic and hereditary aspects of childhood obesity
    Genetic factors are involved in the regulation of body weight and in determining individual responses to environmental factors such as diet and exercise
  5. Type-2 diabetes: a cocktail of genetic discovery
    T2DM is a complex genetic disease comprised of many metabolic disorders with a common phenotype of glucose intolerance. Patients with T2DM would have inherited a variety of different genetic factors that together with environmental factors combine as the primary cause
  6. Genes with linkage or association with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Complex diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), arise from metabolic disruptions with genetic and environmental components. Multiple genes are responsible for the genetic susceptibility to T2DM. The contribution of these genes to the diabetic phenotype may be modest, variable among different populations, and dependent on interactions with other genes and the environment
  7. The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers
    This article reviews the evidence that intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes conveys high risks for obesity and type 2 diabetes in the offspring, in addition to genetic predisposition, and regardless of maternal diabetes type. It also discusses potential mediators as well as possible public health consequences of fuel-mediated teratogenesis driven by maternal hyperglycemia in utero
  8. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases
    When beta-cells fail to secrete the excess insulin needed, diabetes mellitus type 2 emerges, which is, besides coronary heart disease, the main complication of insulin resistance and associated diseases
  9. Predictors of weight gain: the biological-behavioural debate
    The rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity, in spite of an unchanged gene pool, makes it interesting to search for biological factors which increase the susceptibility at the individual level as well as searching for the responsible environmental factors. Among the identified metabolic factors is a low resting metabolic rate for given body size and composition, a high respiratory quotient (RQ) indicating a low fat oxidation and a low spontaneous physical activity, all factors which are regarded as being under substantial genetic influence
  10. Low resting metabolic rate as a risk factor for weight gain: role of the sympathetic nervous system
    Resting metabolic rate (RMR) comprises 50-80% of daily energy expenditure, and is highly variable between subjects even after adjusting for body weight and body composition. RMR is believed to be genetically determined. Individuals with a low RMR for a given body size are at higher risk of significant weight gain, relative to those with a high RMR
  11. Adaptation to low energy intakes: the responses and limits to low intakes in infants, children and adults
    Reduction in energy intake below the acceptable level of requirement for an individual results in a series of physiological and behavioural responses, which are considered as an adaptation to the low energy intake. This ability of the human body to adapt to a lowering of the energy intake is without doubt beneficial to the survival of the individual
  12. Fasting--wrong in obesity?
    Fasting has been advocated as an effective way to reduce body weight. However, few data support any long-term effect of this therapy. On the contrary, evidence is accumulating that the repeated weight loss and concomitant weight gain, typical of fasting in many individuals, will lead to a subsequently higher body weight. Each weight cycle seems to increase the risk of a higher waist/hip ratio, greater metabolic efficiency and a food preference towards fat. All these trends result in further problems associated with weight loss and a vicious circle is established
  13. Paleolithic vs. modern diets--selected pathophysiological implications
    Our genome can have changed little since the beginnings of agriculture, so, genetically, humans remain Stone Agers--adapted for a Paleolithic dietary regimen
  14. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
    There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust
  15. Effect of calorie restriction on resting metabolic rate and spontaneous physical activity
    Adjusted RMR decreased at Month 3 in the CR group and at Month 6 in the CR+EX and LCD groups. Body weight is defended in non-obese participants during modest caloric restriction, evidenced by metabolic adaptation of RMR and reduced energy expenditure through physical activity
  16. Effects of dieting and exercise on resting metabolic rate and implications for weight management
    Resting metabolic rate accounts for 60–75% of total energy expenditure in sedentary people.2 Therefore, it is a major determinant of energy balance and changes in weight. Factors which decrease resting metabolic rate would be associated with difficulty maintaining weight or weight loss, or frank weight gain. On the contrary, anything that increases resting metabolic rate would facilitate weight loss and maintenance of weight loss. Caloric restriction is known to produce a short-term reduction in resting metabolic rate
  17. Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: a systematic review.
    Of these equations, the Mifflin-St Jeor equation was the most reliable, predicting RMR within 10% of measured in more nonobese and obese individuals than any other equation, and it also had the narrowest error range
  18. 27 Predicting energy expenditure in extremely obese women
    The Mifflin-St Jeor equation was most accurate method for REE assessment in extremely obese women
  19. Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese people
    Of the calculation standards tested, the Mifflin standard provided an accurate estimate of actual resting metabolic rate in the largest percentage of nonobese and obese individuals and therefore deserves consideration as the standard for calculating resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese adults
  20. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals
    REE (males) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) + 5; REE (females) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) – 161

Carnitinedeficiëntie

  1. Sites of action of carnitine and its derivatives on the cardiovascular system: interactions with membranes
    Carnitine plays an essential role in the regulation of long-chain fatty acid metabolism in skeletal and cardiac muscle, a process that is mediated by well-characterized enzymatic mechanisms
  2. Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects
    The carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is one of the components of the carnitine cycle. The carnitine cycle is necessary to shuttle long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into the intramitochondrial space where mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place. The oxidation of fatty acids yields acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) units, which may either be degraded to CO(2) and H(2)O in the citric acid cycle to produce ATP or converted into ketone bodies which occurs in liver and kidneys
  3. The role of the carnitine system in human metabolism
    In the anabolic (fed) state, the liver stores glucose as glycogen, and fatty acid/triglyceride synthesis is active. In the catabolic (fasted) state, the liver becomes a glucose producer, lipogenesis is slowed, and fatty acid oxidation/ketogenesis is activated. The rate-limiting step for the latter is vested in the carnitine/carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system, and the off/on regulator of this is malonyl CoA
  4. The carnitine system and body composition
    In skeletal muscle, the importance of the function of the carnitine system in the control and regulation of fuel partitioning not only relates to the metabolism of fatty acids and the capacity for fatty acid utilization, but also to systemic fat balance and insulin resistance. The carnitine system is shown to be determinant in insulin regulation of fat and glucose metabolic rate in skeletal muscle, this being critical in determining body composition and relevant raised levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes

Hormonale stoornissen

De menopauze

  1. Premature menopause: multiple disruptions between the woman's biological body experience and her lived body
    Menopause involves hormonal changes that result, on average (for Australian women), in the cessation of menstruation around 51 years of age
  2. Nomenclature and endocrinology of menopause and perimenopause
    The average duration of perimenopause is approximately 5 years
  3. Increased visceral fat and decreased energy expenditure during the menopausal transition
    Middle-aged women gained SAT with age, whereas menopause per se was associated with an increase in total body fat and VAT. Menopause onset is associated with decreased EE and fat oxidation that can predispose to obesity if lifestyle changes are not made
  4. Menopause, energy expenditure, and body composition
    Preliminary evidence suggests that natural menopause is associated with reduced energy expenditure during rest and physical activity, an accelerated loss of fat-free mass, and increased central adiposity and fasting insulin levels. Menopause transition may represent a risky period in a woman's life, 'triggering' adverse metabolic and cardiovascular processes that predispose women to a greater incidence of obesity-related comorbidities. Dietary, exercise, and hormonal interventions specifically targeted at premenopausal women may help mitigate the worsening cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile associated with menopause
  5. Traversing the menopause: changes in energy expenditure and body composition
    it appears that the loss of ovarian function induces a reduction in resting metabolic rate, physical activity energy expenditure, fat-free mass, and an increase in fat mass and abdominal adipose tissue accumulation. These modifications probably contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease of postmenopausal women
  6. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause
    The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome increases with menopause and may partially explain the apparent acceleration in CVD after menopause. The transition from pre- to postmenopause is associated with the emergence of many features of the metabolic syndrome, including 1) increased central (intraabdominal) body fat; 2) a shift toward a more atherogenic lipid profile, with increased low density lipoprotein and triglycerides levels, reduced high density lipoprotein, and small, dense low density lipoprotein particles; 3) and increased glucose and insulin levels. The emergence of these risk factors may be a direct result of ovarian failure or, alternatively, an indirect result of the metabolic consequences of central fat redistribution with estrogen deficiency
  7. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones
    MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM women, beginning a few years prior to menopause
  8. Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones
    A variety of peripheral feedback controls of eating, including ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, hepatic fatty acid oxidation, insulin and leptin, has been shown to be estradiol-sensitive under at least some conditions and may mediate the estrogenic inhibition of eating. Orchiectomy decreases food intake by decreasing meal frequency and ovariectomy increases food intake by increasing meal size. These changes are reversed by testosterone and estradiol treatment, respectively
  9. The effect of estrogen on appetite
    Accumulating evidence indicates that estradiol may decrease meal size by increasing the potency of the satiating actions of some gut peptides, especially cholecysto
  10. Psychosocial and socioeconomic burden of vasomotor symptoms in menopause: a comprehensive review
    Traditionally vasomotor symptoms were reported to begin 5 to 10 years prior to the cessation of the final menstrual cycle, corresponding with the initial decline in circulating gonadal hormones however, night sweats in particular most often begin in perimenopause
  11. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones
    MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM women, beginning a few years prior to menopause
  12. Revisiting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-an
    The percentage of women experiencing symptoms increased sharply in the 2 years before final menstrual period, peaked 1 year after final menstrual period, and did not return to premenopausal levels until about 8 years after final menstrual period. Nearly 50% of all women reported vasomotor symptoms 4 years after final menstrual period, and 10% of all women reported symptoms as far as 12 years after final menstrual period
  13. Menopause and the metabolic syndrome: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
    Cross-sectional studies suggest that prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases from premenopause to postmenopause in women, independent of age. Little is known about why. By the final menstrual period, 13.7% of the women had new-onset MetS. CONCLUSIONS: As testosterone progressively dominates the hormonal milieu during the menopausal transition, the prevalence of MetS increases, independent of aging and other important covariates. This may be a pathway by which cardiovascular disease increases during menopause
  14. Centrally located body fat is related to appetitive hormones in healthy postmenopausal women
    Body composition and energy homeostasis are thought to affect the appetitive hormones: adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. CONCLUSION: Since central adiposity in postmenopausal women was related to appetitive hormones, minimizing weight gain during the menopausal transition may optimize appetitive hormones, thereby facilitating appetite control and weight maintenance
  15. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones
    MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM women, beginning a few years prior to menopause

De andropauze

  1. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study
    Each age trend was satisfactorily described by a constant percent change per yr between ages 39-70 yr. Free testosterone declined by 1.2%/yr, and albumin-bound testosterone by 1.0%/yr
  2. Andropause: is androgen replacement therapy indicated for the aging male?
    Approximately 30% of men 60-70 years of age and 70% of men 70-80 years of age have low bioavailable or free testosterone levels. Symptoms and findings of testosterone deficiency are similar to those associated with aging. They include loss of energy, depressed mood, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass and strength, increased fat mass, frailty, osteopenia, and osteoporosis
  3. Androgens and the ageing male
    Hypogonadal men share a variety of signs and symptoms such as decreased muscle mass, osteopoenia, increased fat mass, fatigue, decreased libido and cognitive dysfunctions
  4. The laboratory assessment of partial androgen deficiency of the aging male
    Clinical manifestations suspected to be caused by androgen deficiency are numerous (decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass and strength, decreased bone mineral density, increased fat mass, depression, fatigue, irritability, etc)
  5. Construction and field validation of a self-administered screener for testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism) in ageing men
    The prevalence of testosterone deficiency was 20.4% in the MMAS (Massachusetts Male Ageing Study) and 42.1% in the clinic sample
  6. Low Testosterone Levels are Common and Associated with Insulin Resistance in Men with Diabetes
    Testosterone deficiency is common in men with diabetes, regardless of the type
  7. Testosterone deficiency and the metabolic syndrome
    Evidence is presented to link components of the metabolic syndrome to testosterone deficiency and obesity. Testosterone deficiency in hypogonadism or testosterone deprivation in normo-gonadotropic men increases fat mass as well as fasting insulin levels
  8. Androgens, insulin resistance and vascular disease in men
    There is evidence to suggest that testosterone is an important regulator of insulin sensitivity in men. Observational studies have shown that testosterone levels are low in men with diabetes, visceral obesity (which is strongly associated with insulin resistance), coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome. Short-term interventional studies have also demonstrated that testosterone replacement therapy produces an improvement in insulin sensitivity in men
  9. Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men
    Low total testosterone and SHBG levels independently predict development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Thus, hypoandrogenism is an early marker for disturbances in insulin and glucose metabolism that may progress to the metabolic syndrome or frank diabetes and may contribute to their pathogenesis
  10. Body composition, metabolic syndrome and testosterone in ageing men
    The ageing process in men is marked by changes in body composition (loss of fat-free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle, and gain in fat mass (FM)) and is associated with a decline in serum testosterone. Correlations between these aspects of ageing and the acknowledged role of exogenous testosterone in reversing the loss of FFM and gain in FM seen in adult men with congenital or acquired hypoandrogenism have led to the hypothesis that testosterone therapy in ageing men will result in favourable changes in body composition and may improve metabolic status and/or cardiovascular risk.
  11. Testosterone, body composition and aging
    In conclusion, aging in males is accompanied by an important increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean body mass. Several indices of body composition are significantly correlated with plasma testosterone levels before and after correction for BMI and age
  12. Epidemiology: testosterone and the metabolic syndrome
    In the Tromsø Study, a population-based health survey, testosterone levels were inversely associated with anthropometrical measurements, and the lowest levels of total and free testosterone were found in men with the most pronounced central obesity. Furthermore, men with diabetes had lower testosterone levels compared to men without a history of diabetes, and an inverse association between testosterone levels and glycosylated hemoglobin was found
  13. Androgens and the aging male
    In contrast to women, men do not experience a sudden cessation of gonadal function comparable to menopause. However, there is a progressive reduction in male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function: testosterone levels decline through both central (pituitary) and peripheral (testicular) mechanisms, and there is a loss of the circadian rhythm of testosterone secretion

DHEA deficiëntie

  1. Significance of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in different diseases
    The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate are maximal between the ages of 20 and 30 years, then start a decline of 2% per year, leaving a residual of 10-20% of the peak production by the eight decade of life
  2. Adrenopause
    Although DHEA and DHEA-S have few intrinsic androgenic actions, they have recently attracted widespread attention due to their beneficial anti-aging effects. We clarified the beneficial effects of DHEA as an anti-aging steroid with regard to its stimulation of the immune system and its anti-diabetes, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-dementia (neurosteroid), anti-obesity and anti-osteoporosis effects
  3. DHEA(S): the fountain of youth
    The decline of DHEAS concentrations with aging has led to the suggestion that DHEAS could play a role in itself and be implicated in longevity. Moreover, the epidemiological evidence has shown that adult men with high plasma DHEAS levels are less likely to die of cardiovascular disease. DHEA has also been shown to increase the body's ability to transform food into energy and burn off excess fat. Another recent finding involves the anti-inflammatory properties of DHEA. It has been known that DHEA can lower the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). It should be pointed out that chronic inflammation is known to play a critical role in the development of the killer diseases of aging: heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and certain types of cancer
  4. Effect of DHEA on Abdominal Fat and Insulin Action in Elderly Women and Men
    Based on intention-to-treat analyses, DHEA therapy compared with placebo induced significant decreases in visceral fat area (–13 cm2 vs +3 cm2, respectively; P = .001) and subcutaneous fat (–13 cm2 vs +2 cm2, P = .003).
  5. Androgen replacement therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone for androgen insufficiency and female sexual dysfunction: androgen and questionnaire results
    patients who underwent androgen replacement therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone for treatment of androgen insufficiency and sexual dysfunction. This study revealed that there was a significant decrease in sexual distress, a significant increase in sexual function in the domains of desire, arousal, lubrication, satisfaction, and orgasm, and a normalization to values within the physiologic range in the following androgens measured: total testosterone, free or bioavAilable testosterone, DHEA, DHEA-S, and androstenedione.
  6. Positive effects of DHEA therapy on insulin resistance and lipids in men with angiographically verified coronary heart disease--preliminary study
    DHEA therapy in dose of 150 mg daily during 40 days in men with DHEA levels<2000 microg/l decreased total cholesterol concentration, insulin and glucose levels and fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI). This therapy may be a beneficial against CHD risk factors
  7. DHEA replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency--pharmacokinetics, bioconversion and clinical effects on well-being, sexuality and cognition
    Furthermore, DHEA significantly increased both sexual interest and the level of satisfaction with sex
  8. Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age
    In conclusion, restoring DHEA and DS to young adult levels in men and women of advancing age induced an increase in the bioavailability of IGF-I, as reflected by an increase in IGF-I and a decrease in IGFBP-1 levels. These observations together with improvement of physical and psychological well-being in both genders and the absence of side-effects constitute the first demonstration of novel effects of DHEA replacement in age-advanced men and women
  9. A relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and insulin resistance in obese men and women
    Significant negative correlation between DHEAS and HOMA-IR was found in the group of obese type 2 diabetic women but not in obese non-diabetic women suggesting that low DHEAS level might be connected to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese women
  10. Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial
    DHEA replacement could play a role in prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome associated with abdominal obesity
  11. Dehydroepiandrosterone, obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: a review of human studies
    The age-related decline in serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated ester (DHEA-S) has suggested that a relative deficiency of these steroids may be causally related to the development of chronic diseases generally associated with aging, including insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, reductions of the immune defense, depression and a general deterioration in the sensation of well-being
  12. Insulin resistance and advancing age: what role for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate?
    In conclusion, the negative relationship between advancing age and insulin action seems related to plasma DHEAS concentration
  13. Dehydroepiandrosterone and body fat
    Age-related decreases in DHEA in association with increases in obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis are well known. Recent investigations in lower mammals (which do not secrete DHEA) have suggested that DHEA (or its metabolites) may function as an antiobesity agent in these models of obesity independent of food intake
  14. Is dehydroepiandrosterone a hormone?
    Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is not a hormone but it is a very important prohormone secreted in large amounts by the adrenals in humans. In women, after menopause, all estrogens and almost all androgens are made locally in peripheral tissues from DHEA which indirectly exerts effects, among others, on bone formation, adiposity, muscle, insulin and glucose metabolism, skin, libido and well-being. The new field of intracrinology or local formation of sex steroids from DHEA in target tissues has permitted major advances in the treatment of the two most frequent cancers, namely breast and prostate cancer, while its potential use as a physiological HRT could well provide a physiological balance of androgens and estrogens, thus offering exciting possibilities for women's health at menopause
  15. Dehydroepiandrosterone: the "missing link" between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis?
    Recent evidence indicates that the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts multiple antiatherogenic effects and also suggests that hyperinsulinemia may reduce serum DHEA and DHEA-sulfate levels by decreasing production and enhancing metabolic clearance
  16. The relationship between testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations, insulin resistance and visceral obesity in elderly men
    DHEA-S and testosterone deficiency were independently associated with higher insulin resistance and obesity
  17. A relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and insulin resistance in obese men and women
    Significant negative correlation between DHEAS and HOMA-IR was found in the group of obese type 2 diabetic women but not in obese non-diabetic women suggesting that low DHEAS level might be connected to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese women

Medicijngebruik

  1. Body weight changes associated with psychopharmacology
    Many psychotropic drugs with antipsychotic, mood stabilizing, and antidepressant properties are associated with weight gain. The antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine, clozapine, and olanzapine are often associated with weight gain. Among antidepressants, amitriptyline and mirtazapine are known to cause weight gain. Mood stabilizers, especially valproate-related products, are also associated with weight gain
  2. Induction of obesity by psychotropic drugs
    Evidence from published studies and clinical experience indicates that neuroleptic drugs, tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants, and lithium all possess varying abilities to increase appetite, stimulate carbohydrate craving, and cause weight gain over prolonged periods of administr
  3. Gewichtsveränderungen unter Therapie mit Psychopharmaka
    Unter den Trizyklika und Tetrazyklika sind Amitriptylin und Nortriptylin die Substanzen mit der höchsten Wahrscheinlichkeit für Gewichtszunahmen. SSRI erwiesen sich, mit Ausnahme von Paroxetin, das zu leichten Gewichtsanstiegen führt, als gewichtsneutrale Substanzen
  4. Drug-induced weight gain
    Drug-induced weight gain is a serious side effect of many commonly used drugs leading to noncompliance with therapy and to exacerbation of comorbid conditions related to obesit
  5. Paroxetine (Seroxat) in panic disorder: clinical management and long-term follow-up
    Paroxetine treatment has the potential to cause weight gain and sexual dysfunction, primarily anorgasmia and ejaculatory dysfunction for the long term.
  6. Glucose Dysregulation and Mirtazapine-Induced Weight Gain
    Weight gain associated with mirtazapine treatment has been reported (3, 4) and may be accounted for by its effects on 5-HT2c and H1 receptors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of glucose dysregulation secondary to mirtazapine-induced weight gain
  7. Lithium: a review of its metabolic adverse effects
    Treatment with lithium has long been recognized to be associated with metabolic adverse effects notably hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, weight gain and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  8. A randomized, double-blind study of Fluoxetineand maprotiline in the treatment of major depression
    In fact, the only statistically significant difference found was in weight change: weight loss in the Fluoxetinegroup and weight gain in the maprotiline gr
  9. Use and misuse of oral contraceptives: risk indicators for poor pill taking and discontinuation
    Factors that predicted early discontinuation (women who wished to continue contraceptive protection but discontinued OC use) were primarily side effects, including nausea (RR = 2.1), bleeding (RR = 1.9), breast tenderness (RR = 1.8), mood changes (RR = 1.8), and weight gain (RR = 1.4)
  10. Experience with side effects and health risks associated with Norplant implant use in adolescents
    Our experience suggests that the use of Norplant implants in adolescents is associated with bleeding irregularities and modest weight gain. Mean weight gains of 3, 4.5, and 5.8 pounds were recorded at 3, 6, and 12 months, respective
  11. Progestin-releasing intrauterine systems
    Weight increase is similar to that associated with copper intrauterine devices: 500 g per year over 5 years
  12. , Overweight teens at increased risk for weight gain while using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
    Adolescent females using DMPA gained significantly more weight over one year than those girls using OCPs. Adolescent females who are overweight at the initiation of DMPA may be more likely to have significant weight gain during the first year of use
  13. Benefits and risks of oral contraceptive use
    Progestins, especially norgestrel, increase the risk of coronary artery disease. Other side effects include acne and weight gain
  14. Anticonceptiepil vergroot risico van zwangerschapsdiabetes
    Een studie heeft aangetoond dat het gebruik van bepaalde anticonceptiepillen in de vijf jaren voorafgaand aan een zwangerschap, mogelijk het risico van zwangerschapsdiabetes vergroten
  15. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: an epidemiological review
    New epidemiological studies have demonstrated a higher risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives (OCs) with third-generation progestogens desogestrel or gestodene compared with users of OCs with second-generation progestogens levonorgestrel or norgest
  16. Population-based assessment of adverse events associated with long-term glucocorticoid use
    Weight gain was the most common self-reported AE (70% of the individuals), The prevalence of 8 commonly attributed self-reported glucocorticoid-associated AEs was significantly associated with cumulative and average glucocorticoid dose in a dose-dependent fashion
  17. Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects
    The frequency of self-reported health problems was lowest in the group without GC exposition and increased with dosage. Dosages of 5 mg/d or more were associated with epistaxis and weight gain
  18. Effects of nutrient intake on sympathoadrenal activity and thermogenic mechanisms
    Inhibition of facultative thermogenesis by beta-blockers such as propranolol, diminishes the daily energy expenditure and promotes weight gain and obesity. Although thermogenesis mediated by the sympathoadrenal system accounts for only a small part of the daily energy expenditure, it is sufficient to explain the positive energy balance and weight gain reported in patients receiving treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blocking age
  19. Antihypertensive agents, insulin sensitivity, and new-onset diabetes
    In general, thiazide diuretics and conventional beta blockers decrease insulin sensitivity and increase new-onset diabetes, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin II receptor blockers have neutral or beneficial effects on these parameters
  20. Insulin resistance and diabetes in the context of treatment of hypertension
    In three prospective cohort studies, treatment with beta-blockers and diuretics has been associated with an increased risk of development of diabetes
  21. Thyroid and treatment with amiodarone diagnosis, therapy and clinical management
    Amiodarone is a frequently used antiarrhythmic drug with a high antiarrhythmic potency. However, beside its antiarrhythmic effects Amiodarone also reveals a variety of adverse effects and drug-related complications. The affected organs include the eyes, skin, lungs, nervous system, liver, gastrointestinal tract and the thyroid. The thyroid is one of the most frequently affected organs by Amiodarone. An altered hormone equilibrium always occurs and has to be distinguished from Amiodarone induced hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The differentiation of these states frequently causes problems and may even be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in certain cases
  22. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid
    In 14-18% of amiodarone-treated patients, there is overt thyroid dysfunction, either amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) or amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH).
  23. The risks of oral contraceptive pills.
    Additionally, the literature suggests that there may be an increased risk of breast cancer associated with long-term oral contraceptive pill use in women under the age of 35

Voedingstekorten

  1. Are there functional consequences of a reduction in selenium intake in UK subjects?
    Dietary Se levels in the UK have fallen over the last 20 years and recent surveys indicate that average Se intakes are 30-40 microg/d, which is well below the current UK reference nutrient intake for adult men (75 microg/d) or women (60 microg/d). Data indicate that subjects given small Se supplements (50 or 100 microg Se/d) have changes in the activity of Se-dependent enzymes and evidence of improved immune function and clearance of an administered live attenuated virus in the form of poliovirus vaccine.
  2. Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods
    In summary, chromium content of individual foods varies, and is dependent upon chromium introduced in the growing, transport, processing, and fortification of the food. Even well-balanced diets may contain suboptimal levels of dietary chromium
  3. Chromium content of foods and diets
    In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland
  4. Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling
    Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium has been evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, heating them at an acidic pH in a microwave oven and then quantifying the chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (53 +/- 31 micrograms/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.
  5. Vitamin A intake and status
    The average vitamin A intake in the Netherlands (adult men 830 RE; adult women 650 RE) is slightly below the Dutch RDA (men 1000 RE; women 800 RE. In particular, individuals avoiding liver and liver products have lower intakes and might have limited stores
  6. Environmental magnesium deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor
    Through changes in the treatment of foodstuffs and altered diets, as well as increased use of surface water with low magnesium content, magnesium deficiency is present in modern society. Magnesium deficiency causes cardiac arrhythmia and several studies suggest that a low level of magnesium in drinking water is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, particularly among men. Before general prevention programmes can be recommended, risk groups must be defined and experimental intervention programmes performed
  7. . A review of magnesium intake in the elderly. A cause for concern?
    Elderly people in the United States represent an emerging high risk group for nutritional deficiencies. A magnesium deficit in the elderly can occur due to inadequate nutrient intakes, multiple drug use, or altered gastrointestinal function. Magnesium has been targeted as a risk factor for elderly people and has been implicated in the aging process. Data presented in this review confirm decreased availability of magnesium in the food supply, lower intakes of magnesium by elderly people, and widespread supplementation practices. Conflicting data exist regarding levels of magnesium in the blood and magnesium status in the elderly. It is not known to what extent suboptimal intakes may affect the aging process; however, magnesium-deficient conditions have been associated with neuromuscular and cardiovascular disorders, endocrine disturbances, insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease
  8. Dietary intake among adults with special reference to vitamin B6
    It is concluded that a low vitamin B6 intake is the result of both the quantity (energy) and quality (nutrient density) of the food consumed. The effects of this are not restricted to vitamin B6 and therefore, the low vitamin B6 groups have a combination of relatively low intakes
  9. Use of national food balance data to estimate the adequacy of zinc in national food supplies: methodology and regional estimates
    Overall, approximately 20.5% of the world's population is estimated to be at risk of inadequate zinc intake
  10. Voedingscentrum, Aanbeveling voor zink in mg/dag
    Aanbeveling voor zink in mg/dag
  11. Folate intake and status among adults in the Netherlands
    The folate intake among adult men and women was adequate in view of recommended daily intakes. However, the folate intake among women did not meet the recommendation for those who want to become pregnant. According to criteria derived from homocysteine metabolism as related to cardiovascular disease, folate status may not be adequate in 60-79% of adult age-sex groups
  12. Iron intake and iron status among adults in the Netherlands
    Average iron intake was higher than the recommended daily allowance for the Netherlands in all sex-age groups except women aged 20-49, in which group average iron intake was 23% below the recommendation. Women aged 20-49 are the adult sex-age group with the greatest risk of developing (an early stage of) iron depletion. The most important dietary factors influencing the iron status are the type of iron (haem/non-haem) and factors affecting the bioavailability of iron
  13. . Iron deficiency in Europe
    In Europe, iron deficiency is considered to be one of the main nutritional deficiency disorders affecting large fractions of the population, particularly such physiological groups as children, menstruating women and pregnant women
  14. Review of epidemiological studies on drinking water hardness and cardiovascular diseases
    Information from epidemiological and other studies supports the hypothesis that a low intake of magnesium may increase the risk of dying from, and possibly developing, cardiovascular disease or stroke. Thus, not removing magnesium from drinking water, or in certain situations increasing the magnesium intake from water, may be beneficial, especially for populations with an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral
  15. RIVM, Gemeten overschrijdingen van normen in Nederland in 2005
  16. Dietary intake of food contaminants in The Netherlands (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System)
    In general, the difference between mean intake and tolerable daily intake was smallest for children aged 1-4. Therefore, it is recommended that future research is concentrated on the intake of contaminants in younger age groups
  17. Pesticide concentrations in air and precipitation in the Netherlands
    Up to 50 different pesticides were observed in precipitation and air. The concentration of 17 of these in precipitation exceeded the maximum permissible level for surface water and 22 exceeded the standard for drinking water of 100 ng l(-1). The input from the atmosphere to Dutch inland waters appeared to be as large as the input of pesticides by other sources such as spray drift
  18. Dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs: occurrence and dietary intake in The Netherlands
    The contribution of different food groups to the total intake of both dioxins + dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs is fairly uniformly distributed over the foods consumed: meat products (23% and 27%, respectively), dairy products (27% and 17%, respectively), fish (16% and 26%, respectively), eggs (4% and 5%, respectively), vegetable products (13% and 7%, respectively), and industrial oils and fats (17% and 18%, respectively).
  19. Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults
    Our results showing an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome add to the evidence that adequate magnesium intake or a diet rich in magnesium may be important for maintaining good cardiometabolic health
  20. Chromium and insulin resistance
    Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance
  21. Role of zinc in insulin resistance
    Regarding obesity and insulin resistance, alterations in zinc concentration and distribution in tissues, as well as improvement in sensitivity to insulin after supplementation with this element, have been detected. Thus, the metabolic role of zinc in the insulin resistance syndrome should be further investigated having in mind that this element may contribute to the control of the usual metabolic alterations present in obese patients
  22. Selenium deficiency and thyroid hormone metabolism and function
    If Se is deficient, the deiodinase activity would be inhibited, the level of circulation T4 will be elevated, and the concentration T3 in peripheral tissues will be decreased. Se deficiency will also accelerate the iodine depletion of thyroid and may even exacerbate some detrimental effects of iodine deficiency. Possibly Se deficiency is involved in the occurrence and development of iodine deficient disorders. Keshan disease, with Se deficiency as the major cause, was also observed a change of thyroid hormone metabolism
  23. Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults
    Overweight and obese adults had higher odds of low levels for a number of nutrients compared with normal-weight adults. Odds of being low in multiple micronutrients was most common among overweight and obese premenopausal women
  24. Effects of the combined deficiency of selenium and iodine on thyroid function
    The role of iodine deficiency in thyroid dysfunction is well known. Also the selenium deficiency has been reported to be correlated to thyroid dysfunctions
  25. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations
    In areas with severe selenium deficiency there is a higher incidence of thyroiditis due to a decreased activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity within thyroid cells. Selenium-dependent enzymes also have several modifying effects on the immune system. Therefore, even mild selenium deficiency may contribute to the development and maintenance of autoimmune thyroid diseases
  26. Telegraaf 16 april 2008, Vitamine weg uit onze groenten
    De kwaliteit van onze andijvie, bloemkool en wortelen holt achteruit. In de afgelopen twintig jaar is de aanwezigheid van vitaminen en mineralen in de zogeheten vollegrondsgroente fors teruggelopen, soms met meer dan vijftig procent. Uit onderzoek van de Consumentenbond blijkt dat onze groente nauwelijks nog een nuttige stof als selenium bevat. (Mineralen worden door groente uit de grond gehaald. Vitamines worden aangemaakt uit mineralen.) Het is in elk geval zo laag dat het niet meer te meten is. Dat komt omdat de bodem in feite dood is
  27. The bioavailability of (pro) vitamin A carotenoids and maximizing the contribution of homestead food production to combating vitamin A deficiency
    An estimated 100-140 million children worldwide suffer vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD). Strategies for combating VADD are best used in combination because they serve particular target groups and none has full coverage
  28. Additive benefits of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women
    Weight-loss improved risk factors associated with CVD, with some additional benefits of LC n-3 PUFA on triglycerides and adiponectin. Given the current low dietary intake of LC n-3 PUFA, greater attention should be given to increase these fatty acids in the treatment of obesity
  29. Iodine intake and urinary excretion among adults in the Netherlands
    On average, iodine intake (mean of three days) in men was in the recommended range of 150-300 microg/d, but average intake in women was no
  30. Adequacy of the iodine supply in The Netherlands
    Mean intake of iodine, measured with different food consumption methods in the period 1984-1993, met the recommended amount of 150-300 microg per day in males, but not in females
  31. 8 Iodide excretion before and after revision of goiter prophylaxis (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System).
    High prevalences (greater than or equal to 37%) of low iodine excretion (less than 0.78 mumol/24 h; 100 micrograms/24 h) were found for Dutch elderly people. Mean urinary iodide excretion was 0.95 mumol/24 h (121 micrograms/24 h) for men and 0.79 mumol/24 h (100 micrograms/24 h) for women which is low, especially among women, in comparison with the United States recommended dietary allowance (118 mumol/day = 150 micrograms/day). No improvement in iodine nutrition was found among the elderly studied in 1984/1985 in comparison with an elderly population seen in 1981. Therefore, it is concluded that the present measures regarding goiter prophylaxis in The Netherlands might be of limited effectiveness
  32. Gezondheidsraad Naar behoud van een optimale jodiuminname
    Zoals al blijkt uit de titel van het advies is de hoeveelheid jodium die de Nederlandse bevolking inneemt goed. Wel zijn er enkele hiaten in de kennis: er ontbreken gegevens over mensen die alleen zelfgebakken of biologisch brood eten, waar mogelijk ongejodeerd zout of zeezout aan is toegevoegd
  33. Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D
    Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor
  34. Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations
    Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism). Iodine deficiency becomes particularly critical in pregnancy due to the consequences for neurological damage during fetal development as well as during lactation
  35. Hypothesis: dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease
    In recent years, public health bodies have aggressively promoted sodium restriction as a means of reducing hypertension and the risk of cardiovascular disease. These inducements have led to a general decline in iodine intake in many developed countries. For example, a United States national health survey conducted in the early 1970s observed that 1 in 40 individuals had urinary iodine levels suggestive of moderate or greater iodine deficiency; twenty years later, moderate to severe iodine deficiency was observed in 1 in 9 participants
  36. Dietary antioxidants and environmental stress
    Recently, oxidative stress has been identified as a unifying feature underlying the toxic actions of these pollutants. As diet is the only source of antioxidant micronutrients, a plausible link now exists between the sensitivity to air pollution and the quality of the food eaten.
  37. Vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity
    Common obesity and the metabolic syndrome may therefore result from an anomalous adaptive winter response. The stimulus for the winter response is proposed to be a fall in vitamin D. The synthesis of vitamin D is dependent upon the absorption of radiation in the ultraviolet-B range of sunlight
  38. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome
    The identification of vitamin D receptor expression in different tissues suggests a widespread role for vitamin D action beyond its classical function in bone and mineral metabolism. Recently, the importance of vitamin D status as a risk factor in the development of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of several studies
  39. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity
    Vitamin D deficiency has been recently associated with the metabolic syndrome. However, it is not known whether this possible association of vitamin D deficiency with the metabolic syndrome is still present at very high degrees of obesity, as in morbidly obese patients. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients

Chronische stress

  1. Stress, visceral obesity, and metabolic complications
    Stress is a state of threatened homeostasis or disharmony caused by intrinsic or extrinsic adverse forces and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and behavioral responses that aim to reestablish the challenged body equilibrium. Stress, primarily through hyperactivation of the HPA axis, appears to contribute to the accumulation of fat tissue, and vice versa, obesity itself seems to constitute a chronic stressful state and may cause HPA axis dysfunction
  2. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in obesity and the metabolic syndrome
    A hypothetical role of glucocorticoids in human obesity has been suggested since the abdominal obesity phenotype and syndromes of endogenous or exogenous hypercortisolism share several clinical, metabolic, and cardiovascular similarities. An emerging body of evidence indicates that both neuroendocrine dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as peripheral alterations of cortisol metabolism may play a role in the pathophysiology of abdominal obesity. Alterations of the HPA axis in abdominal obesity are associated with insulin resistance, which suggests a direct responsibility of these hormonal alterations in the susceptibility of affected patients to develop both metabolic and cardiovascular diseases
  3. Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow
    The HPA axis controls corticosteroid output from the adrenal and, in turn, forward elements of this axis are inhibited by feedback from circulating plasma corticosteroid levels
  4. The neuroendocrinology of stress: a never ending story
    At the level of the hypothalamus, the corticotroph secretagogues corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) respond rapidly to an acute stressor but, following chronic stress, they adapt with a reduction of CRH but a major increase in AVP. The release of CRH and AVP activates pro-opiomelanocortin in anterior pituitary corticotroph cells and the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone into peripheral blood from where it targets receptors in the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid hormones. These hormones (i.e. corticosterone in the rat and cortisol in man) are released in a pulsatile ultradian pattern which defines the normal circadian rhythm. The frequency of the pulses is increased under states of chronic stress
  5. The protective role of exercise on stress system dysregulation and comorbidities
    The human body, when under threat, elicits a set of neuroendocrine responses, including an increased secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines from the adrenal gland and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These hormonal secretions allow a "fight or flight" response by mobilizing endogenous substrate and inducing a state of insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscles. Thus, the energy mobilized is not used but is stored in visceral fat depots by the combined action of hypercortisolism and hyperinsulinemia. In addition, chronic activation of the stress system causes suppression of the gonadal, growth hormone (GH), and thyroid axes. These metabolic disturbances, in concert, lead to the clinical expression of a number of comorbidities including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and endothelial dysfunction, all components of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors It is concluded that chronic psychosocial stress
  6. Glucocorticoids and neuroendocrine function
    In particular, glucocorticoids promote food consumption directly through stimulation of NPY and inhibition of CRH and melanocortin release. Furthermore, glucocorticoids may alter body fat distribution, increasing truncal adiposity both directly and by inhibition of growth hormone secretion
  7. Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity
    Stress appears to alter overall food intake in two ways, resulting in under- or overeating, which may be influenced by stressor severity. Chronic life stress seems to be associated with a greater preference for energy- and nutrient-dense foods, namely those that are high in sugar and fat. Evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that chronic life stress may be causally linked to weight gain, with a greater effect seen in men. Stress-induced eating may be one factor contributing to the development of obesity
  8. Glucocorticoids and insulin both modulate caloric intake through actions on the brain
    Glucocorticoids act primarily in a feed-forward fashion on brain to activate CNS pathways that implement wanting appropriate to physiological needs. Thus, depending on the available conditions, elevated glucocorticoids may augment the behavioural want to run, fight or feed. Although glucocorticoids stimulate intake of chow, fat and sucrose, insulin appears to sculpt calorie-associated desires toward foods high in fat, acting through hepatic branch afferents of the vagus nerve. Both conditions of reduced food allowance and chronic stress excite glucocorticoid-augmented central neural networks that may lead toward ultimate abdominal obesity
  9. Role of the autonomic nervous system and neuropeptides in the development of obesity in humans: targets for therapy?
    Obesity and type 2 diabetes have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. These metabolic disorders, particularly obesity, are characterised by increased basal sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity but an impaired sympathetic response to certain stimuli, such as insulin. More recent evidence demonstrates that stress-induced SNS overactivity up-regulates Neuropeptide Y, an orexigenic hormone, and its Y2 receptor, in visceral adipose tissue, the fat depot most strongly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. There is evidence that SNS overactivity specifically contributes to the development of abdominal obesity via this pathway, which could represent a novel target for the prevention and treatment of abdominal obesity and related metabolic consequences.
  10. Chronic stress and insulin resistance-related indices of cardiovascular disease risk, part 2: a potential role for mind-body therapies
    The increasing global prevalence of CVD reflects in part the concurrent rise in insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and other atherogenic changes associated with insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Evidence suggests that chronic stress and related psychosocial factors also play an important role in the development and progression of IRS-related states and ultimately, in the pathogenesis of CVD. Designed to address these interrelated psychological and physiological components of health, yoga and other traditional mind-body therapies may offer particular promise in both the primary and secondary prevention of CVD
  11. Chronic stress and insulin resistance-related indices of cardiovascular disease risk, part I: neurophysiological responses and pathological sequelae
    A growing body of research suggests that chronic psychosocial stress and related factors significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of IRS-related abnormalities, associated insulin-resistant states, and CVD, in part by promoting dysregulation of the sympathoadrenal system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  12. Psychosocial stress and the insulin resistance syndrome
    We examined the association between psychosocial stress-related variables and insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) risk-factor clustering. In 90 middle-aged male volunteers, psychosocial stress-related variables, defined as feelings of excessive tiredness and as personality and behavioral factors reflecting a stress-inducing life-style (type A behavior, hostility, and anger), were significantly correlated with the hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, increased abdominal obesity, and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen comprising the IRS. Thus, even though insulin resistance is presumably to some extent genetically determined, these results suggest that considering psychosocial stress may be beneficial in understanding IRS risk-factor clustering
  13. Clinical implications of the insulin resistance syndrome
    In some insulin-resistant individuals, insulin secretion will begin to deteriorate under chronic stress (glucose toxicity) and overt diabetes will result. If not, individuals will remain hyperinsulinemic, with perhaps some degree of glucose intolerance, together with other hallmarks of the IRS
  14. Effects Of Stress
    There are numerous physical as well as emotional responses as illustrated by the following list of some 50 common signs and symptoms of stress
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